1. Pathophysiology - Borders - Spring 2012
Pathophysiology Unit 1
Neoplasms
Pathophysiology - Borders - Spring 2012

2. Neoplasms TEST Next class Neoplasms and Cellular Functions
Multiple choice
Use this PPT and highlighted Notes
This longer PPT will be uploaded on my website to replace the shorter one that was used for the quiz

3. Cell types Prokaryotic—no nucleus, circular DNA, ribosomes
Eukaryotic—larger, nucleus, linear chromosomes, membranous organelles

4. Eukaryotic Cells Have numerous internal structures
Various types & forms
Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Multicellular organisms

5. Cell Parts and Functions
Cell Membrane
Protects the cell
Lets things in and out of the cell
Location: around the cell
Nucleus
Control center
Location: inside the cell,
near the center

6. Cell Parts and Functions
Nucleolus (Nucleoli)
Makes ribosomes
Location: inside the nucleus
(dark spot)
Nuclear Membrane
Protects nucleus
Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores)
Location: around nucleus
cell

7. Cell Parts and Functions
Mitochondria
Makes energy/powerhouse
Location: in cytoplasm
Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
Packages and secretes
(gets rid of) waste

8. Mitochondria

9. GOLGI APPARATUS

10. Cell Parts and Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Transports materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell
Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes)
Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane
Rough E.R.

13. Cell Parts and Functions
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Location: in cytoplasm or
Attached to E.R.
Vacuole
Stores food and water
Location: in cytoplasm

14. Vacuole

15. Cell Parts and Functions
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes
Destroys bacteria, old cell parts…
Location: in cytoplasm
Centrioles
Helps the cell to divide

17. Cell Parts and Functions
Cytoplasm
Gel-like substances, holds all
Organelles in cell
Location: in cell
Chromatin/Chromosomes
Contains genetic information/traits
Location: in nucleus

18. Cell Parts and Functions
Cilia
Short hair-like projections
Used for movement
Location: outside of cell
Flagella
Long whip-like tail

20. FLAGELLA

21. Characteristics of Normal Cells
Reproduce themselves exactly
Stop reproducing at the right time
Stick together in the right place
Self destruct if they are damaged
Become specialized (differentiated) or 'mature'

22. Characteristics of Cancer Cells
Cancer cells don't stop reproducing
Cancer cells don't obey signals from other cells
Cancer cells don't stick together
Cancer cells don't specialize or differentiate , but stay immature

23. Comparing Normal and Cancer Cells

24. Neoplasms or Tumors
Cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal body controls
Cells continue to reproduce when there is no need for them
The excessive growth deprives other cells of nutrients

26. Characteristics of Benign Tumors
Usually consist of differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher than normal rate
Often encapsulated and expands but does not spread
Usually freely moveable on palpation
Tissue damage results from compression of adjacent structures such as blood vessels
Not considered life threatening unless in area such as the brain where pressure can become critical

27. Characteristics of Malignant Tumors
Usually made-up of undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not appear organized
Tend to reproduce more rapidly than normal
Cells have lost cellular connections with each other
Reproduction is not inhibited in presence of similar cells

28. Terminology
Tumor : Pathologic disturbance of growth, characterized by excessive and unnecessary proliferation of cells

29. Terminology
Hamartoma : Excessive but focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ in which it occurs. Cellular elements are mature, but do not produce normal architecture
Hamartroma of lung
Angiomas
Pigmented nevi

30. Terminology
Choristoma (Heterotopia) : Normal cells or tissues, that are present in abnormal locations
Pancreatic cells in the wall of stomach or intestine
Nests of adrenal cells in kidney , lung or ovaries

31. Terminology
Neoplasms : Persistent , abnormal and relatively autonomous proliferation of cells occurring as a result of permanent cellular defect that is passed to the progeny.

32. Types of Neoplasms
Benign: localized and amenable to surgical removal; patient usually survives
Malignant: invasive tumor capable of destroying structures and spread to distant sites (metastasis); may result in early death of the patient

33. Types of Neoplasms
The terms “benign” and “malignant” describe the biologic behavior of a tumor
The biologic behavior is characterized by degree of differentiation of the tumor , rate of growth (and rate of cell death) , infiltration of surrounding tissue, and dissemination to distant sites

34. Examples of Malignant Tumors
Sarcoma (mesenchymal derivation: fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma)
Carcinoma (epithelial derivation: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)
Squamous
Adeno
Transitional
Lymphoma/leukemia

35. Examples of Benign Tumors
Epithelial
Adenoma: benign glandular tumor
Papilloma : benign surface epithelial tumors
Polyp : benign tumor projecting over mucosal surface
Cystadenoma : benign epithelial tumor forming hollow cystic mass

36. Different Kinds of Cancer
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Different Kinds of Cancer
Leukemias:
Bloodstream
Some common carcinomas:
Lung
Breast (women)
Colon
Bladder
Prostate (men)
Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Cancer can originate almost anywhere in the body.
Carcinomas, the most common types of cancer, arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces. Lung, breast, and colon are the most frequent cancers of this type in the United States.
Sarcomas are cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle.
Lymphomas are cancers that arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body’s immune system.
Leukemias are cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream.
Some common sarcomas:
Fat
Bone
Muscle
NCI Web site:

37. leiomyomas

38. adenoma

39. adenocarcinoma

40. carcinoma

41. Differentiation
Well-differentiated tumors contain cells that resemble the normal cells of origin
Poorly-differentiated or undifferentiated tumors contain cells that do not resemble their normal counterparts (ancillary studies may be needed to determine the cell of origin)

42. well-differentiated

43. poorly-differentiated

44. Differentiation
Benign tumors are composed of well-differentiated cells.
Malignant tumors are characterized by a wide range of cellular differentiation.

45. Rate of Growth
In general, benign and well-differentiated malignant tumors have a slower rate of growth than moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated malignant tumors.
There are exceptions. Blood supply, site, and hormonal stimulation are factors that can affect the growth rate of tumors.

46. Invasion Benign tumors usually grow by slow expansion.
Malignant tumors usually infiltrate and may destroy surrounding tissue (cell surface and the extracellular matrix play an important role).

47. Functional characteristics
Benign tumors are more likely to function
Hormonal production can be unregulated
Inappropriate production of hormones by different type of cells
Abnormal receptor and antigenic expression

48. Metastasis
indicates malignancy
a discontinuous spread of the tumor

49. metastatic ovarian carcinoma

50. MRI: metastatic adenocarcinoma

51. metastatic adenocarcinoma

52. meningioma

53. basal cell carcinoma

54. melanoma

55. cytology smear: adenocarcinoma

56. Summary
Neoplasm- an abnormal mass of tissue which has lost its responsiveness to growth controls
Benign neoplasms tend to be slow-growing, well-differentiated tumors which lack the ability to metastasize
Benign neoplasms, in general, remain localized and are amenable to surgery

57. Summary
Malignant neoplasms tend to be fast-growing lesions which invade normal structures
Malignant neoplasms vary in the degree of differentiation
Malignant neoplasms are capable of metastasis