1. Biotechnology

2. Cloning  Production of genetically identical copies of DNA, cells or organisms Asexual reproduction  Gene therapy – genes used to modify a human Transgenic organisms

3. Steps of Genetic Engineering  Cohen and Boyer 1973 1 st successful GE experiment frog rRNA into E. coli  Steps: Cleave DNA Recombinant DNA Clone DNA Screen DNA

4. Recombinant DNA  rDNA – contains DNA from 2 or more sources  Vector (plasmid or virus) used to transfer gene of interest to host cell  Restrictive enzymes and DNA ligase are used to cut and seal the ends of the gene of interest.

5.  Bacteria cells do not have introns.  For successful genetic engineering exp., the gene must not introns. RNA transcriptase can make DNA from mRNA = cDNA (DNA without introns)

6. Polymerase Chain Reaction  Creates copies of small segments of DNA  Uses DNA polymerase and nucleotides  Only needs small sample  Can be used to study phylogeny of human populations

7. DNA fingerprinting  Usually follows PCR  Add restrictive enzymes to sample of DNA to make many different sized fragments  Gel electrophoresis is used to separate the fragments  If two banding patterns match, likelihood the DNA came from same person  Used in convicting criminals, detecting cancer, viral infections or genetic disorders, identifying remains of bodies

8. Biotechnology products  Genetically modified in order to produce a product desired by humans!!!

9. Transgenic Bacteria  Insulin, clottng factor VIII, human growth hormone, t-PA, hepatitis B vaccine  Frost resistant strawberries, root protection from insects  Enhancing ability to degrade substances Clean up oil, remove sulfur from coal, clean up toxic wastes Self destruct when job is done

10. Transgenic plants  Foreign genes are placed in immature plant embryos or protoplasts (plant cells with cell wall removed) Pomato (potatoes and tomatoes) Cotton, corn and potatoes resistant to pests Soybeans – herbicide resistant Producing human proteins (hormones, clotting factors and antibodies)

11. Transgenic Animals  Insert genes into the eggs of animals  Can be done by hand or by vortex mixing bGH – bovine growth hormone – makes larger fish, cows, pigs, rabbits, sheep  Gene pharming – use of transgenic farm animals to make pharaceuticals Genes that code for medical proteins are put into animal DNA and appear in milk

12. Genomics  Study of genomes – genes  Human genome project – sequenced the base pairs in the DNA of the human chromosome.  HapMap Project Goal – catalog common sequence differences that occur in humans, find risk for specific illnesses Haplotypes – patterns of sequence differences

13. Genetic profile  Identify the complete genotype of an individual, including mutations DNA chip produced by a quick swab Can help with the way we live our lives, preventive measures

14. Proteomics  Study of the structure, function and interaction of cellular proteins  Human proteome – translation of genes into proteins

15. Bioinformatics  Application of computer technologies to the study of the genome  Goal – find cause/effect relationship between genetic profiles and genetic disorders caused by multifactorial genes.

16. Gene Therapy  Insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder.  Ex Vivo Gene Therapy Cells are removed, manipulated, then replaced Used in treatment of SCID and hypercholesterolemia  In Vivo Gene Therapy Directly insert healthy genes to replace faulty ones Cystic fibrosis, VEGF, gene p53 and cancer