2. AP Biology 2008-2009 http://www.simpletruths.tv/store/movies.php?movie=tssc Discovery Lab: Light Microscopes, Cells and Magnification

3. plant cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - Have membrane bound organelles bacteria cells animal cells Types of Cells What differences can you see between these cells?

4. Cell size comparison Bacterial cell Animal cell  micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter  diameter of human hair = ~20 microns most bacteria  1-10 microns eukaryotic cells  10-100 microns Viruses are smaller than bacteria and they are NOT ALIVE!

5. The Cell Theory 1.All living things are made of cells. 2.New cells come from cells. 3.Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. May the CODE be with you! 1. ALTMC 2. NCFC 3. CBUSFLT

6. Cell Quiz 01 1. What type of cell is shown below? (Plant or Animal)

7. Cell Quiz 01 2. What type of cell is shown below? (Eukaryote or Prokaryote)

8. Cell Quiz 01 3.What type of cell is shown below? (Plant, Animal or Bacteria)

9. Cell Quiz 01 Write out the Three Points of the Cell Theory. 4. _____________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________ 6. _____________________________________________

10. Cell Quiz 01 7. What part of the cell theory provides evidence to the concept of Unity among living things? 8. What part of the cell theory provides a mechanism for the evolution of organisms? 9.What part of the cell theory supports the concept of the organization of all living things? 10. List the following from largest to smallest: prokaryotic cell, virus, eukaryotic cell

11. Model Animal Cell Organelles = membrane bound structures inside a cell that perform specific functions required by the cell.

12. Cell MEMBRANE lipid “tail” phosphate “head”  Structure  double layer of fat  phospholipid bilayer  Proteins  receptor molecules  transport molecules

13. Cell MEMBRANE (cont.) FUNCTIONS of the Cell Membrane: 1.Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment. 2.Transport proteins control what enters and leaves the cell. 3.Receptor proteins communicate between cells and with anything in the environment.

14. Cell Communication Some cells can send signals to other cells. Ex. Nerve cells sending chemical signals, called impulses to other nerve cells. This is how your brain tells your finger that it has touched a hot stove!

15. Ex. Plant hormones stimulate the growth and death of plant cells. Auxin: responsible for the growth pattern of plants toward sunlight Gibberellins tell the plant embryo to cease being dormant and germinate. Cytokinins promote cell division and differentiation.

16. Cytoplasm = jelly-like filling that holds organelles Centrioles = used in cell division and replication Surface Area: Volume Lab http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_size.htm

17. Vacuoles & Vesicles plant cells contractile vacuoles animal cells central vacuole food vacuoles

18. Lysosomes small food particle vacuole digesting food lysosomes  Structure  membrane sac of digestive enzymes  Function  digest food  clean up & recycle  digest broken organelles digesting broken organelles

19.  Structure  double membrane  Function  make ATP energy  cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  fuels the work of life Mitochondria in BOTH animal & plant cells ATP

20.  Mitochondria  make energy from sugar + O 2  cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  Chloroplasts  make energy + sugar from sunlight  photosynthesis  sunlight + CO 2  ATP & sugar  ATP = active energy  sugar = stored energy build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars Plants make energy two ways! ATP sugar

21. Mitochondria are in both cells! animal cells plant cells mitochondria Chloroplast/plastid Chloroplasts are only in plant cells.

22. When things go bad…  Diseases of lysosomes are fatal  digestive enzyme not working in lysosome  picks up food, but can’t digest it  lysosomes fill up with undigested material  grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function  example: Tay-Sachs disease build up undigested fat in brain cells Tay Sachs Disease http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.onewrong/

23. But sometimes cells need to die…  Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed  some cells need to die as a part of normal development in an organism  “auto-destruct” process  lysosomes break open and kill cell  cell “suicide”

24. Example 1 of necessary Lysosome work: Tadpoles must re-absorb their tails when becoming a frog.

25. 15 weeks 6 weeks syndactyly Example 2 of necessary Lysosome work: During human fetal development cells must be destroyed to separate fingers and toes.

26. Nucleus  Function  control center of cell  protects DNA  instructions for building proteins  Structure  nuclear membrane  nucleolus  ribosome factory  chromosomes  DNA Where is the nucleus in a bacterial cell?

27. Ribosomes on ER Ribosomes  Function  protein factories  read instructions to build proteins from DNA  Structure  2 subunits  some free in cytoplasm  some attached to ER large subunit small subunit

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum  Function  part of protein factory  helps complete the proteins  makes membranes  Structure  rough ER  ribosomes attached  works on proteins  smooth ER  makes membranes

29. lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  helps finish proteins  makes membranes

30. transport vesicles vesicles carrying proteins  Function  finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins  like UPS headquarters  shipping & receiving department  ships proteins in vesicles  “UPS trucks”  Structure  membrane sacs Golgi Apparatus

31. DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus

32. Animal Cell

33. Plant Cell

34. Cell Specialization In unicellular organisms, cells are not specialized. One cells does all. In multicellular organisms, cells become specialized with different types of cells performing different functions for the organism. You can dissolve an embryonic heart into its individual cell types with trypsin, an enzyme that destroys the protein glue between the cells. Plate these cells in a dish and you will see some cells - called myocytes - that beat independently. A single cell beats when a complex series of gates – called ion channels - open and close in an organized manner. The cells shown here are from the chick embryo.

35. As long as the beating cells do not touch one another, their beats are independent - some are faster, some are slower. But after two or three days, the myocytes form interconnected sheets of cells (monolayers, shown right) that beat in unison. Pores (gap junctions) open between adjacent touching cells, making their cytoplasms interconnected. It is these gap junctions that ensure that the connected cells work as one. If the cells of the adult don't beat in unison, heart arrythmias can occur. Electronic pacemakers may sometimes be used in a patient whose heart doesn't beat in rhythm.

36. Cell Structures Quiz Tomorrow! Be prepared to identify structures in both plant and animal cells And Describe the function of each structure. Cell Structures Quiz Tomorrow! Be prepared to identify structures in both plant and animal cells And Describe the function of each structure.

37. 1. What kind of cell is this? 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10

38. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 11. What kind of cell is this?

39. Extra Credit Opportunity!  Create a model of either an animal cell or a plant cell that includes all of the structures we have discussed and indicates the function of each of the structures.  Must be turned in no later than 1 week prior to the end of the current six weeks grading period.