1. Building bridges or barriers? Human Mobility: threat or opportunity for development?

2. 2 Pontifex means " Bridge Builder " (pons + facere). In ancient Rome, Pontifex was the employer incharge of the bridge over the river Tíber. Later on the expression acquired different meenings and started to be use to identify the highest-ranking priests of ancient Rome – the College of Pontiffs In Wikipedia

3. 3 Saint Bénézet, the Bridge-builder (1163-1184), - Saint of the Catholic Church who is considered to be the founder of the Bridge-Building Brotherhood. Christian tradition states the he had a divine inspiration to built the bridge over the Rhône River at Avignon.

4. 4 Saint Bénézet Bridge, Avignon (before the destruction in the XVII century)

5. 5 Saint Bénézet Bridge, Avignon

6. 6 Human Mobility: Threats and opportunities for development.

7. 7 Migrant Economic Social Cultural Empoverty cicle Price to get into the market Employment > Salary + Saivings Cultural shock Aculturation Intolerance Exclusion Culture as a resource for integration Co-ethnic networks Treaths and opportunities

8. 8 MigrantCountry of Origin Economic Social Cultural Cultural shock Aculturation Intolerance Exclusion Brain-drain Co-ethnic networks Brain-gain Lost of Social Capital Families fragility Remittances “Estrangeirados” Cultural difusion and language The role of Diasporas Price to get into the market Empoverty cicle Employment > Salary + Saivings Culture as a resource for integration Treaths and opportunities

9. 9 MigrantCountry of Origin Host Country Economic Social Cultural Guetization Creative Diversity Complementary WF Demografic equilibrium + competetivity Dumping (irr.) Informal economy reinforcement (irr.) Social Security balance “Clash of Civilizations” Xenofobia Treaths and opportunities Price to get into the market Empoverty cicle employment > Salary + Saivings Intolerance Exclusion Co-ethnic networks Cultural shock Aculturation Culture as a resource for integration Brain-drain Brain-gain Remittances Lost of Social Capital Families fragility The role of Diasporas “Estrangeirados” Cultural difusion and language

10. 10 MigrantCountry of Origin Host country Economic Social Cultural Cultural shock Aculturation Brain-drain Lost of social capital Guetization “Estrangeirados” Dumping (irr.) “Clash of Civilizations” Treaths Xenofobia Price to get into the market Intolerance Empoverty cicle Exclusion Families fragility Informal economy reinforcement (irr.)

11. 11 MigrantCountry of Origin Host Country Economic Social Cultural employment > Salary + Saivings Culture as a resource for integration Co-ethnic networks Brain-gain Remittances Cultural difusion and language Creative Diversity Complementary WF Demografic equilibrium + Competitivity Social Security contributions The role of Diasporas Opportunities

12. 12 MigrantCountry of Origin Host Country Economic Social Cultural Guetization Creative Diversity Complementary WF Demografic equilibrium + competetivity Dumping (irr.) Informal economy reinforcement (irr.) Social Security balance “Clash of Civilizations” Xenofobia Treaths and opportunities Price to get into the market Empoverty cicle employment > Salary + Saivings Intolerance Exclusion Co-ethnic networks Cultural shock Aculturation Culture as a resource for integration Brain-drain Brain-gain Remittances Lost of Social Capital Families fragility The role of Diasporas “Estrangeirados” Cultural difusion and language