1. Absolute Monarchs

2. Spanish Empire Phillip II of Spain 1527-1598  Great Grandson of Ferdinand & Isabella  Spain, Portugal, Africa, India, East Indies  Wealth: gold & silver from American mines Built 50,000 strong army  Protector of Catholicism Ottoman Turks and Protestant England

3. Problems in Spain Inflation & Taxes Debt paid to foreign countries Dutch Revolt  Protestant Mobs  William of Orange Netherlands  Form Republic  Religious Tolerance  Trade Empire

4. Absolutism Absolute Monarchs  Divine Right  Political and Religious fighting Forces kings to raise massive armies & control

5. Monarchs of France Huguenots (French Protestants) vs. Catholics Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)- protestant  Takes power after Catherine de Medicis dies  To keep peace, converted to Catholicism  Edict of Nantes  Stabbed by fanatic

6. Monarchs of France Henry’s son Louis XIII takes throne  Cardinal Richelieu helped Louis rule Lead France into 30 Years’ War Skepticism- Writers began to question old ideas  Descartes- philosopher who questioned everything. Lead to scientific method

7. French Monarchs Louis XIV- Sun King  “I am the state”  Mercantilism- France becomes self-sufficient  Took Canada for Fur Trade  Ended Edict of Nantes Many protestants left country- took important workers  Palace at Versailles $2 billion in today’s dollars 15,000 acres of gardens, 1,400 fountains 2,000 rooms, 36,000 workers  Disastrous Wars

9. Graphic Organizers Phillip II Netherlands Absolutism Huguenots Henry IV Skepticism Louis XIV Word Description

10. Clash of Monarchs Thirty Years’ War  Germany: Protestants vs. Catholics  Czech Kingdom of Bohemia: Ferdinand closed protestant churches- German protestants join in to fight Catholics  Hapsburg (Catholics) Triumphs early  France supports protestants to victory  Peace of Westphalia

11. Clash of Monarchs Austria  Hapsburgs Wiped out Protestants, regained land, defeated Ottoman Turks Maria Theresa Prussia  Hohenzollerns Best army in Europe 80,000 strong Fredrick the Great Seven Years’ War  Austria, France, Russia vs. Prussia, G. Britain

12. Russian Czars Ivan the Terrible  Good Period and Bad Period Romanovs  Peter the Great Westernization

13. Limiting the Monarchs Queen Elizabeth I dies- no heir except cousin James Stuart king of Scotland King James I- King James Bible  Fought with Parliament King Charles I- son of James  Petition of Right- gave people more power  English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell Cromwell- Puritan- outlawed immoral actions like theatre

14. Restoration Charles II-Cromwell dies Charles I son brought back  Habeas Corpus-right to a judge  Flaunted his Catholicism- made protestant England mad  Son James II becomes king William of Orange- Netherlands King  Invited by protestants to overthrow James II  Glorious Revolution  Constitutional Monarchy