1. UNDL FOUNDATION UNL A Language for Computers Hiroshi Uchida UNL Foundation

2. Why a Language for computers is necessary ? A computer needs a capability to make knowledge processing. A computer needs to shoulder thought and judgement of human using human knowledge. A computer needs to make a processing based on contents. UNDL FOUNDATION

3. Why a Language for computers is necessary ? A computer needs to have knowledge for knowledge processing. A computer needs to have knowledge to shoulder human. A computer needs to have knowledge to process contents. A computer needs a language to store, use, manage, create knowledge like human. UNDL FOUNDATION

4. Advantage of having a common language for computers A language for computers greatly reduces cost of developing knowledge or contents by sharing knowledge and contents of each system. UNDL FOUNDATION

5. What should be a language for computers ? Artificial language without any ambiguity Consists of; syntax vocabulary (words) semantics Express information by classifying objectivity and subjectivity. UNDL FOUNDATION

6. How a Language for Computers is developed ? Define syntax Develop vocabulary Define semantics UNDL FOUNDATION

7. Role of Syntax in a Language for Computers Syntax specifies roles of words Syntax specifies subjectivity UNDL FOUNDATION

8. How Syntax of a Language for Computers is developed ? A role of a word in a sentence decided by the syntax (marker) and the related word with this syntax (marker). Syntax (marker) should be defined so as to specifies a role without any ambiguity. UNDL FOUNDATION

9. How Syntax of a Language for Computers is developed ? When a word has relations between more than one other word, each relation should be set as to be able to identify each relation on the premise that we have enough knowledge about the concept of each word expressed. UNDL FOUNDATION

10. How Syntax of a Language for Computers is developed ? When there are relations between words, each relation should be set so as to be able to understand the role of each UW only by referring to the relation label. Collect every subjectivity used in NL. UNDL FOUNDATION

11. Role of Words in a Language for Computers A word should express a concept. That word should be non- ambiguous. A word should have a well defined semantics. (understandable for computers) UNDL FOUNDATION

12. How Words of a Language for Computers is developed ? Words of a language can be developed by every people Methodology to develop words should be clear enough. UNDL FOUNDATION

13. How Words of a Language for Computers is developed ? Common symbol are necessary to express concepts for developers. Combination of common symbols restrict meaning. Using combination of common symbols, words of a language can be developed. UNDL FOUNDATION

14. Role of Semantics in a Language for Computers Meanings of words should be defined so as to computers can understand them UNDL FOUNDATION

15. How Semantics of a Language for Computers is developed ? Semantics of a word is defined by defining possible relations with other words. Collect possible relations between words. UNDL FOUNDATION

16. UNL: a Language for Computers Artificial language (Semantic Network) A node represents a concept An arc represents a relation A node can be annotated by attributes Consists of; Universal Words: vocabulary Relations, Attributes:syntax Knowledge Base:semantics UNDL FOUNDATION

17. Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens. buildbegun tower long agopeople seemedreach heaven huge tim agt agt aoj plc obj obj gol obj obj Babylon city mod obj UNDL FOUNDATION

18. Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens. {unl} tim(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,long ago(icl>ago)) mod(city(icl>region).@def,Babylon(icl>city)) plc(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,city(icl>region).@def) agt(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,people(icl>person). @def) obj(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,build(icl>do).@past) agt(build(agt>thing,obj>thing),people(icl>person).@def) obj(build(agt>thing,obj>thing),tower(icl>building)) aoj(huge(icl>big),tower(icl>building)) aoj(seem(icl>be).@past,tower(icl>building)) obj(seem(icl>be).@past,reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon) obj(reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon,tower(icl>building)) gol(reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon,heaven(icl>region).@def.@pl) {/unl} UNDL FOUNDATION

19. Relation Constitutes syntax of the UNL Expresses objectivity together with UWs Expresses how concepts(UW) constitutes a sentence related each other 38 relations agt and aoj bas cag cao cnt cob con coo dur fmt frm ins man met mod nam obj or per plc plf plt pof pos ptn pur qua rsn scn seq src tim tmf tmt to via UNDL FOUNDATION

20. Attribute Constitutes syntax of the UNL Expresses subjectivity evaluation of the speaker for the concepts(sentence) Tense, aspect, mood, etc. UNDL FOUNDATION

21. Attribute Time with respect to speaker @past @present @future Speaker’s view of aspect @begin-soon @begin-just @progress @end-soon @end-just @complete @state @repeat Speaker’s view of reference @generic @def @indef @not @ordinal Speaker’s focus @emphasis @entry @qfocus @theme @title @topic Speaker’s attitude @affirmative @confirmation @exclamation @imperative @interrogative @invitation @politeness @respect @vocative UNDL FOUNDATION

22. Attribute Speaker’s viewpoint @ability, @ability-past, @admire, @although, @ask-back, @conclusion, @custom, ＠ doubt, @expectation, @grant, @grant-not, @induce, @inevitability, @insistence, @intention, @may, @obligation, @obligation-not, @possibility, @probability, @regret, @request, @should, @unexpected-presumption, @unexpected-consequence, @will Convention @angle_bracket, @double_parenthesis, @double_quotation, @parenthesis, @pl, @single_quotation, @square_bracket UNDL FOUNDATION

23. Universal Word Vocabulary of the UNL Adopt English words as common symbols for developers A UW represents a concept 1) Basic UW ex) spring 2) Restricted UW ex) spring(icl>tool) spring(icl>season) spring(agt>person,obj>person) UNDL FOUNDATION

24. How to define an UW (1) One must decide to which category listed below each concept (meaning) belongs Nominal Concept Verbal Concept Adjective Concept Adverbial Concept UNDL FOUNDATION

25. How to define an UW (2) Nominal Concept swallow(icl>thing) Verbal Concept change(agt>thing)I changed my mind. change(obj>thing)The weather will change. remember(agt>thing)I cannot remember his name. remember(aoj>thing)Do you remember me? UNDL FOUNDATION

26. How to define an UW (3) Adjective Concept positive(aoj>thing)Are you positive about that? a positive fact only(mod<thing)the only person Adverbial Concept weekly(icl>how)This class is held weekly. only(icl>how)The child only cried. UNDL FOUNDATION

27. If the ambiguity of an UW cannot be solved or still remains by attaching each of the above category labels, UW hierarchy or case relations will be used. Attaching above category swallow(icl>bird) the bird “One swallow does not make a summer” swallow(icl>action)the action of swallowing “at one swallow” swallow(icl>quantity)the quantity “take a swallow of water” UNDL FOUNDATION How to define an UW (4)

28. Using (case) relations and what it takes spring(agt>thing,obj>wood)bending or dividing something spring(agt>thing,obj>mine))blasting something spring(agt>thing,obj>person,escaping (from) prison src>prison)) spring(agt>thing,gol>place)jumping up “to spring up” spring(agt>thing,gol>thing)jumping on “to spring on” spring(obj>liquid)gushing out “to spring out” UNDL FOUNDATION How to define an UW (5)

29. Role of Master Definition of a concept A Master Definition defines a label for a concept (UW) and possible relations with other concepts (UW) How to connect Uws to another UWs. UNDL FOUNDATION

30. How to develop MD First decide a label for a concept (UW) Define possible relations with other concept (UW) UNDL FOUNDATION

31. How to develop MD ex) Dixie(icl>jazz{>music}) Dixie(icl>jazz)—icl  jazz(icl>music)) bark(agt>dog{>mammal,icl>sound( agt>thing)}) bark(agt>dog)—agt  dog(icl>manmal) bark(agt>dog)—icl  sound(agt>thing) UNDL FOUNDATION

32. UNL Knowledge Base Collection of concept from each language Define every possible relations between concepts (UWs) Ex) dog(icl>mammal)—icl  animal(icl>living thing) bite(agt>animal,obj>thing)—agt  animal(libing thing) eat(agt>volitional thing)—obj  food(icl>functional thing) UNDL FOUNDATION

33. UNL Knowledge Base UW system (hierarchy) is introduced for: 1. to generate a word when a concept is not included in a language 2. to reduce KB entries which can be deductively inferred ex) dog(icl>mammal)—icl  mammal (icl>animal) KB give semantics of UWs UNDL FOUNDATION

34. Communication with human language A language for computers needs to have a bridge to human languages to: get knowledge or information expressed in human languages express knowledge or content of computers in human languages. UNDL FOUNDATION

35. UNL-Language Ｍａｓｔｅｒ Dictionary Defines the link between a word of a language and a UW Defines grammatical features when a word express a concept (UW) Define KB when someone introduce a new UW UNDL FOUNDATION

36. Development UNL UNL should be developed by all the people in the world Universal words necessary for each language UNL center will develop at least 200,000 UWs in this tear. UNDL FOUNDATION

37. What we expect to be developed by people in the world UNL should be developed by all the people in the world Universal words necessary for each language UNDL FOUNDATION

38. What we expect to be developed by people in the world Language Servers for new languages and new domains Application systems such as: Information Retrieval System UNL based Search Engines Browsers Editors/Word Processors Machine translation Systems UNL Web Pages UNDL FOUNDATION

39. Top 10 Languages by Population RANK LANGUAGE POPULATION _______________________________________ 1.CHINESE, MANDARIN885,000,000 2.SPANISH 332,000,000 3.ENGLISH 322,000,000 4.BENGALI189,000,000 5.HINDI 182,000,000 6.ARABIC, ALL COUNTRIES177,000,000 7.PORTUGUESE 170,000,000 8.RUSSIAN 170,000,000 9.JAPANESE 125,000,000 10.GERMAN, STANDARD 98,000,000 11.CHINESE, WU 77,175,000 ___________________________________________ Ethnologue:Languages of the World Ethnologue UNDL FOUNDATION