1. HSP3M Unit 1 Q.What do social scientist study? Human behaviour Q. Why? To understand why people do what they do – so we can then make society a better place for all

2. What are the Social Sciences? Anthropology – The scientific study of the human species and of the various cultures that make up humanity including sub-cultures

3. What are the Social Sciences? Sociology – the scientific study of the development, structure, and functioning of society

4. What are the Social Sciences? Psychology – the systematic study of people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

5. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Quantitative Numbers Measurable Uses statistical inference WHAT, WHERE, WHEN Qualitative Relies on reason Smaller and more focused samples WHY and HOW

6. The Incident at OC Transpo Pierre Lebrun/Charles Whitman Unpopular/Loner Anger management problems Low self-esteem No meaningful relationships with women Paranoid/delusional Social outcast

7. Sociology Subject matter Human behaviour Not psychology focus on what goes on between people Not economics interested in tangibles ($) and intangibles (love) Not Anthropologyfocus on modern industrial societies Micro Sociology – small (life up close) Macro Sociology – large (large scale patterns)

8. School of Sociology - Functionalism Analyze large-scale patterns of society Society = human body; every part has a function parts = institutions; when all parts work smoothly together, individuals are protected Examines the relationships among parts of society

9. Durkhiems’ Suicide Theory Egoistic suicide resulted from too little social integration. Those individuals who were not sufficiently bound to social groups were left with little social support or guidance, and therefore more likely to take their own life Altruistic suicide was the result of too much social integration. Self sacrifice was the defining trait, where individuals were so integrated into social groups that they lost sight of their individuality and became willing to sacrifice themselves to the group's interests.

10. Altruistic or Egoistic? In 1963 Buddhist monk Thich Quang Doc burned himself to death during a protest against South Vietnam President Diem.

11. Altruistic or Egoistic? Heaven's Gate was a religious cult led by Marshall Applewhite who convinced 39 followers to commit suicide so their souls could ride on a spaceship hidden behind a comet.

12. Conflict Theory Karl Marx Study the social patterns and structures that develop as classes compete for scarce resources Competition = conflict = formation of social classes Conflict theorist examine the social patterns that develop as classes struggle against each other Neo-Marxist

13. Symbolic Interactionism Max Weber argued that how we act towards people and things is based on the meaning we assign them. We act differently in different social situations because we have attached different meaning to different situations Focus on the everyday interactions between individuals Humans construct society by attaching meaning to actions = symbolism

14. Sociology - Hall of Fame Auguste Comte 1798-1857 First to study sociology – applied scientific methodology (observation and analysis) to his study of society Positivism – Comte’s insistence on the rigid application of the scientific method in order to arrive at the truth Social statics – the study of society’s customs, institutions, laws and their interaction Social dynamics - the stages through which society must go as they experience change Believed that societies has a natural tendency to reach a state of equilibrium

15. Sociology - Hall of Fame Emile Durkheim (1859-1917) Founder of modern sociology. Father of functionalism Also used the scientific method to study change in society Studied relationship between sociology and the criminal justice system – arguing that reform was better than punishment Studies on suicide: Altruistic suicide (sacrifice himself to save others), anomic suicide (not able to cope, overwhelmed by sudden change), egoistic suicide (does not share the values or goal of society)

16. Sociology - Hall of Fame Karl Marx (1818-1883) Asked “Why had a few people become fabulously wealthy while the majority had nothing?” concluded that uneven distributions of wealth was a normal condition in society – which led to a struggle between rich and poor for wealth and power (class conflict) Conflict theory Bourgeoisie – wealth factory owners Proletariat – poor, who survive by selling their labour Believed that the struggle for wealth and power (class conflict) was the driving force behind society and that Society’s problems could not be solved until the wealth and power were redistributed

17. Sociology - Hall of Fame Max Weber (1864-1920) Modified Marx’s approach to conflict arguing that it was too simplistic since it did not account for the growing middle class Argued that religion, education, politics and family structure were equally as important as economics when molding peoples’ values. He believed that wealth alone was not enough to give a person power Believed that government bureaucracies were created to provide essential social services would improve society, not armed revolution Popularized the idea that society could be reformed and improved – his studies focused on solutions!

18. Sociology - Hall of Fame George Murdock (1897-1985) Identified shared characteristics of societies around the world – Universals Over 100 in total including body adornment, ethics, gestures, superstitions and sexual restrictions Expanded the study of sociology to include more that forces of division in society

19. Physical Anthropology Studies human evolution and hominid cultures Methods: Examine fossil, stone and bone remains Study living primates Study and compare human genetic variation (connections to biology and genetics)

20. Cultural Anthropology Studies similarities and differences of living cultures Methods: Participant Observation CULTURE Beliefs and Behaviours transmitted from generation to generation. Culture is always changing. 1.Material culture: Physical objects 2.Attitudes: including ethics and values 3.Behaviours Myths - traditional story accepted as truth; serves to explain the world view of a people Kinship – relationships among members of a social group that are based on member’s descent from common ancestors

21. Social Anthropology studies how contemporary living human beings behave in social groups Methods: Long-term intensive field studies and observation Customs, economic and political organizations, law, kinship, gender relations

22. Anthropology Hall of Fame Margaret Mead (1901-1978) Cultural Anthropologist Pacific Islands Adolescent culture / gender roles “Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies” Personalities largely shaped by culture Was criticized for poor methodology (personal stories)

23. Anthropology Hall of Fame Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) Cultural Anthropologist Looked at role of religion in shaping personality Linked personality to culture (shame, guilt cultures) Studied Japanese culture for American re-development in 1945 (distant anthro…)

24. Anthropology Hall of Fame Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) Social Anthropologist Functional Theorist – institutions designed to serve people. Therefore culture functions to meet the needs of individuals rather than society as a whole Methods Exhaustive observations record keeping New Guinea

25. Bronislaw Malinowski continued Rejected cultural evolutionism on the grounds that it was ethno-centric Anthropologists job is to observe and explain, not judge Cultural Evolution: built on the work of Charles Darwin (1809-1892) Hypothesized that all societies and cultures develop in a regular series of predictable stages Sophisticated (civilized, modern) Primitive Savage

26. Anthropology Hall of Fame Raymond Dart (1893- 1988) Physical Anthropologist Discovered Australopithecus – “Southern Ape” 1924 Transitional stage Apes →humans 2-3 million Years old

27. Anthropology Hall of Fame The Leakey Family: Louis (1903-1972) Mary (1913-1996), Richard (1944-) (Kenya) Physical Anthropologists Studied the origin of humans (Asia or Africa?) Important finds: Australopithecus and Homo habilis Experimented with stone age tools to learn how our ancestors lived Primate studies

28. 3 Schools of Psychology Psychoanalysis Developed by Freud to probe the unconscious mind and treat patients anxieties and phobias Studies the inner experiences of the mind through dreams, fantasies, feelings Used to treat trauma and anxiety

29. 3 Schools of Psychology Behaviorism Focuses on studying observable behavior Law of Effect The mind is an unknowable black box Deduces principles for the “prediction and control of behaviour” (Watson 1913) Principles are consistent across species

30. 3 Schools of Psychology Cognitive Psychology biology-focussed Areas of study include: 1.Perception 2.memory and learning 3.language use and acquisition 4. reasoning and decision- making Uses standardized tests Many applications in schools

31. Introvert Tend to be quiet Low-key, deliberate, Gain energy when performing solitary activities Enjoy intense one-on- one social interactions

32. Extrovert Tend to be energetic when surrounded by people Enthusiastic/Talkative/ Assertive Tom Cruise is a Jackass “I’m in love!”