1. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition Joshua S. Goldstein Jon C. Pevehouse Chapter Twelve: The North-South Gap

2. Passengers on overcrowded train, Bangladesh, 2013.

3. 12.1 State of the South Basic human needs World hunger Rural and urban populations Women in development Migration and refugees

4. MyLab Media Video: Global Migration and Employment http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_mpsk_vcs_1/vcs3_ 5_global_mig_unemployment.html Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your username and password before accessing this link.

6. Basic Human Needs Food Shelter Literacy Children Health care Safe water War is a leading obstacle to provision of basic needs Impact of natural disasters

7. Nearly a billion people in the global South—most of them in Africa and South Asia—live in abject poverty, lacking safe water, housing, food, and the ability to read. Natural disasters, droughts, and wars can displace subsistence farmers from their land and make matters worse. But sustained advances in health care, such as the prenatal checkup given these women in Ivory Coast in 2012, are bringing dramatic improvements. BABY BOOST

9. Children are a main focus of efforts to provide basic human needs in the global South. Education is critical to both economic development and the demographic transition. Girls worldwide receive less education than boys, and in Afghanistan under the Taliban, they were banned from schools altogether. This math class in Kandahar, Afghanistan, in 2002, followed the Taliban’s fall. DO THE MATH

11. World Hunger Most central of basic needs of people in global South is food Malnutrition Undernourishment Subsistence farming vs. cash crops

13. Rural and Urban Populations Urbanization Causes Land reform

14. Subsistence farmers displaced from their land risk chronic hunger and sometimes starvation. These villagers in eastern Democratic Congo, where sporadic political violence has continued for more than a decade, flee new fighting in 2012. DISPLACED

15. Women in Development Economic development in poor countries closely tied to the status of women Men eat first Discrimination against girls in education and literacy

16. The status of women in countries of the global South affects their prospects for economic development. Women are central to rural economies, to population strategies, and to the provision of basic human needs, including education. Here, a women’s cooperative in Mauritania makes small loans to its members, 2006. WOMEN’S POWER

17. Migration and Refugees From poorer to richer states, often illegally Voluntary Refugees Trafficking

18. President of Botswana, Seretse Khama Ian Khama

20. Refugees from Kyrgyzstan are separated when Tajikistan closes the border, 2010.

21. 12.1 The State of the South Q: Which of the following are examples of cash crops? A)Rice B)Yams C)Carrots D)Coffee

22. Answer: D) Coffee

23. True/False: In the global South hunger and malnutrition are rampant.

24. Answer: True

25. 12.2 Theories of Accumulation Economic accumulation The World-system

26. MyLab Media Simulations. The North-South Gap: You Are a Coffee Farmer http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_mpsk_media_1/si ms_2011/coffee_farmer/player.html Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your username and password before accessing this link.

27. Production in the global South uses relatively little capital and much labor (at low wages), reflecting an early stage of industrialization. To develop economically, poor countries must generate self-sustaining capital accumulation. Agriculture, energy, and textiles are classic export products from the global South, relatively low-capital and labor-intensive. In Morocco, textiles such as these for sale in 2010 are a major source of export revenue. LOW-TECH

28. Economic Accumulation Capitalist perspective Socialist perspective Economic development based on capital accumulation Growth of human populations and their capital Industrial Revolution Information technology

29. The World-System Global system of regional class division Marxist in orientation Class divisions are regionalized

30. 12.2 Theories of Accumulation Q: According to world-systems theory, which type of state develops most of the advanced products or quasi-monopoly goods? A)Core states B)Peripheral states C)Semiperipheral states D)Multinational states

31. Answer: A) Core states

32. True/False: Since Lenin, many Marxists have argued that capitalists in the North exploit the South economically and use the wealth thus generated to buy off workers in the North.

33. Theories of Accumulation Answer: True

34. 12.3 Imperialism World civilizations History of imperialism, 1500-2000 Effects of colonialism Postcolonial dependency Revolutionary movements Postrevolutionary governments

35. World Civilizations Present-day international system European civilization China remained an independent civilization Japan shogunates Latin American civilizations Africa Arab caliphate Europe began to rise to world dominance

37. History of Imperialism, 1500-2000 Development of oceangoing sailing ships Portugal, then Spain, France, Britain Decolonization in U.S., Latin America Acquired colonies in Africa through end of nineteenth century Decolonization in twentieth century, especially after World War II

40. Effects of Colonialism History of colonization Negative effect on people and culture Economic implications Various methods to independence

42. Postcolonial Dependency Gap in technical and administrative skills Narrow export economies Borders drawn by Europeans Governments did not function effectively Neocolonialism Dependency theory Enclave economy Nationally controlled production Penetration of economies by MNCs

44. European colonialism worldwide promoted values and norms implying that the colonizer’s culture was superior to the indigenous culture. Lingering effects remain in postcolonial societies. This girl displaced by violence in Kenya, a former British colony, plays with a light- skinned doll, 2008. MY DOLL, MY SELF

45. Revolutionary Movements Poverty More equal distribution of wealth and power Political revolutions Social revolutions Cold War Post-Cold War

46. Post-Revolutionary Governments Revolutionaries advocate broad distribution of wealth After revolutions Foreign policy does not change in long term Become less revolutionary

47. South Africa’s former president, Nelson Mandela (here shown at a march of the African National Congress in Boipatong, 1992), had unusual success in making the difficult transition from revolutionary to state leader, and then leaving office peacefully. He had the advantage of coming to power nonviolently (relatively speaking), enjoying tremendous world respect, and leading a country that is relatively prosperous (though with huge inequalities) in a very poor continent. RARE SUCCESS

48. 12.3 Imperialism Q: European states colonized what part of the world? A)The Americas B)Primarily Asia C)Primarily Africa D)Most of the world’s territory

49. Answer: D) Most of the world’s territory

50. True/False: Revolutionaries more often than not remain liberal and in particular tend to upturn the norms and rules of the international system.

51. Imperialism Answer: False

52. Chapter Discussion Question Why are hunger and malnutrition rampant in the global South? Cite specific causes. Further, what role has increasing urbanization played in this context? And why have women been disproportionately impacted by malnutrition and hunger?