1. Myers’ Psychology for AP* *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. UNIT 8: Motivation, Emotion & Stress

2. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

3. Unit Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation The Need to Belong

4. Introduction to Motivation

5. Motivational Concepts

6. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed pattern)Instinct –Instincts in animals –Instincts in humans

7. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory –HomeostasisHomeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction

8. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory –HomeostasisHomeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction

9. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory –HomeostasisHomeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction

10. Drives and Incentives Incentive –Positive and negative

11. Optimum Arousal Arousal –Optimum level of arousal

12. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needshierarchy of needs –Variations in the hierarchy

13. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. MASLOW: A Hierarchy of Motives

19. A Hierarchy of Motives

20. Recognizing Hunger

21. The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach –Washburn study

22. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus –Lateral hypothalamus orexin –Vetromedial hypothalamus

23. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones –Ghrelin –Obestatin –PYY –Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate

24. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Taste preferences –Genetic: sweet and salty –Neophobia –Adaptive taste preferences

25. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders Eating disorders –Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa –Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa –Binge-eating disorderBinge-eating disorder

26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

30. Obesity and Weight Control Familial or Historical explanations for obesity Obesity –Definition –Statistics –Obesity and life expectancy

31. Obesity

32. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity Social effects of obesity Weight discrimination Psychological effects of obesity

33. Weight Discrimination

35. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism

36. Factors behind the Physiology of Obesity The genetic factors (Genetics/Medical Conditions) Socio-economic factors (Poverty) The food v. activity factor –Sleep loss (school/work related) –Social influences (like video games) –Food consumption and activity level

37. Losing Weight Set realistic and moderate goals Success stories (become inspired!) Attitudinal changes (dream it to achieve it!) 

38. Sexual Motivation

39. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Sexual response cycle –Excitement phase –Plateau phase –Orgasm –Resolution phase Refractory period (in males)Refractory period

40. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones –Development of sexual characteristics –Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone

41. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli - body language - tactile stimulus - physical contact Imagined stimuli –Dreams –Sexual fantasies

42. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

46. Adolescent Sexuality Contributors in T een Pregnancy General ignorance about risks Minimal communication about birth control or protected sex Guilt-related sexual activity (peer pressure) Drug/Alcohol use False sense of safety from the mass media norms of guilt-free unprotected promiscuity

47. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections Review your text for statistics of STIs Factors in Teen abstinence –High intelligence –Religious engagement –Father presence –Participation in service learning programs

49. Sexual Orientation Most common terms: –Homosexual orientation –Heterosexual orientation Please Visit: http://safespacenetwork.tumblr.com/define http://safespacenetwork.tumblr.com/define for a more detailed list of sexual orientations

50. Origins of Sexual Orientation Origins of sexual orientation studies –Fraternal birth order effect Same-sex attraction in animals The brain and sexual orientation Genes and sexual orientation Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

51. The Need to Belong

52. Reasons for the Need to Belong Aiding survival Enjoying the benefits of belonging Sustaining relationships

53. ~ AND ~ a desire to avoid the pain of ostracism 

54. Definition Slides

55. Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

56. Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

57. Drive-reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

58. Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

59. Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

60. Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

61. Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

62. Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

63. Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

64. Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

65. Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high- calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

66. Binge-eating Disorder = significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

67. Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson 1)Excitement 2)Plateau 3)Orgasm 4)Resolution

68. Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

69. Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

70. Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

71. Sexual Orientation = an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

72. The End