2. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 12 Motivation James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

3. Motivation zMotivation ya need or desire that energizes and directs behavior zInstinct ycomplex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

4. Motivation zDrive-Reduction Theory ythe idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

5. Motivation zHomeostasis ytendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state yregulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level zIncentive ya positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs zbegins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied zthen higher-level safety needs become active zthen psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

7. Motivation-Hunger zStomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time in minutes Subject swallows balloon, which measures stomach contraction Subject presses key each time when hungry Stomach contractions Hunger pangs

8. Motivation-Hunger zGlucose ythe form of sugar that circulates in the blood yprovides the major source of energy for body tissues ywhen its level is low, we feel hunger

9. Motivation-Hunger zSet Point ythe point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set ywhen the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight zBasal Metabolic Rate ybody’s base rate of energy expenditure

10. Motivation-Hunger zThe hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

11. Eating Disorders zAnorexia Nervosa ywhen a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve yusually an adolescent female zBulimia Nervosa ydisorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise

12. Eating Disorders- Anorexia Nervosa zwhen a person is less than 85% of their normal body weight z95% of sufferers are female zmost are between the ages of 18-30 z30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die

13. Women’s Body Images Thinnest Women’s ideal What women believed men preferred What men actually preferred Women’s current body image Fattest

14. Sexual Motivation zSex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values

15. Sexual Motivation zSexual Response Cycle zthe four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson zexcitement zplateau zorgasm zresolution zRefractory Period zresting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

16. The Sexual Response Cycle MalesFemales Orgasm Plateau Excitement Resolution with orgasm Resolution without orgasm

17. Sexual Motivation zEstrogen ya sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

18. Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation Physiological readiness Imaginative stimuli External stimuli Sexual motivation

19. Sexual Disorders zProblems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning yIn Men xpremature ejaculation ejaculation before they or their partners wish ximpotence inability to have or maintain erection yIn Women xorgasmic disorder infrequent or absent orgasms

20. Sexual Motivation zSame drives, different attitudes Iceland Germany Great Canada Mexico United India Taiwan Singapore Britan States Country 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percent answering wrong “Do you think it is, or is not, wrong for a couple to have a baby if they are not married?”

21. Sexual Motivation zBirths to unwed parents United States Canada Japan Britain 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 40% 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Percentage of births to unwed mothers

22. Sexual Motivation zSexual Orientation yan enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

23. Sexual Motivation zChanging attitudes Extramarital sex is “always wrong” Homosexual sex is “always wrong” 1987 1998 Year 100% 80 60 40 20 0 Source: National Opinion Research Center (University of Chicago) General Social Survey

24. Motivation zAchievement Motivation ya desire for significant accomplishment xfor mastery of things, people, or ideas xfor attaining a high standard yMcClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns

25. Motivation zIntrinsic Motivation ydesire to perform a behavior for its own sake or to be effective zExtrinsic Motivation ydesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

26. Rewards Affect Motivation Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’ Controlling reward Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’ Extrinsic motivation Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’ Informative reward Child: “I love doing well.’’ Intrinsic motivation

27. Motivation zIndustrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology ysub-field of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior zI/O Psychologists yhelp organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products and assess responses to them

28. Motivation zTask Leadership ygoal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals zSocial Leadership ygroup-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

29. Motivation zTheory X yassumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money yshould be directed from above zTheory Y yassumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity