1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 10 Motivation

2. Motivation ◦ a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instinct ◦ complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

3. Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory ◦ (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy a need

4. Motivation Homeostasis ◦ tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state ◦ equilibrium ◦ example:  Body Temperature (98.6 degrees regardless of external temperature)

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Starts at base: physiological needs must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

6. Motivation--Hunger Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time in minutes Subject swallows balloon, which measures stomach contraction Subject presses key each time when hungry Stomach contractions Hunger pangs

7. Motivation--Hunger Set Point ◦ the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set Metabolic Rate ◦ body’s base rate of energy expenditure

8. Motivation--Hunger The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

9. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa ◦ diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight ◦ feels fat & continues to diet Bulimia Nervosa ◦ episodes of overeating (binging) ◦ followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise (purging) http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6woak_a-girl-s-struggle-with-anorexia_people (anorexia) http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6woak_a-girl-s-struggle-with-anorexia_people

10. Eating Disorders: Obesity and Mortality Obesity and mortality 18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40 20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9 Body-mass index (BM I) MenWomen 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 Relative risk of death

11. Body Mass Index

12. Weight Discrimination When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire Willingness to hire scale (from1: definitely not hire to 7: definitely hire ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 WomenMen NormalOverweight

13. Weight Control The thinning of Miss America Trend in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Miss America Pageant Winners BMI, kg/m² 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year of Pageant World Health Organization’s cutoff point for undernutrition (18.5) Trend line

14. Weight Control Most lost weight is regained -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 12345 Weight change in pounds Post treatment Years of follow-up Starting point Normal trend for untreated obese people: Gradually rising weight After participation in behavioral program: Much of initial weight Loss regained

15. Weight Control Obesity is more common among those who watch the most television 4 Hours of television watched per day in 1990s study BoysGirls 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 Skinfold fat measure (mm)

16. Socially -Learned Motivation Achievement Power Affiliation Intimacy

17. Motivation Intrinsic Motivation ◦ desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation ◦ promised rewards or threats of punishment

18. Rewards Affect Motivation Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’ Controlling reward Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’ Extrinsic motivation Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’ Informative reward Child: “I love doing well.’’ Intrinsic motivation

19. Confronting Obesity Jamie Oliver’s Food Revolution ◦ http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/food- revolution-10202750 http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/food- revolution-10202750 ◦ Extrinsic or Intrinsic motivation?