1. Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

2. Introduction Why do you want to go to college?
What are some other reasons that people go to college?
How these things both energize and direct your behavior?
Which are extrinsic motivations? Intrinsic motivation?

3. Motivational Concepts & Theories

4. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors.
Drawbacks
But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.
Named, but did not explain many behaviors

5. Drive Reduction Theory
Our behavior is motivated by Physiological Needs.
Wants to maintain homeostasis.
When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive.
Primary versus Secondary drives

6. Incentive Approach Incentives Expectancy-value theories
Attract or lure people into action
Can be positive and negative (repel)
Expectancy-value theories
Example
Greg doesn’t take on the task of an extra FRQ essay to earn bonus points because of his past experiences with writing essays and failing to get a high grade
How is this explained?

7. PUSH & PULL
Many Motivational Theorists see motivation as a combination of drives that push our behavior and incentives that pull our behavior.
Complete the application items on the note sheet.

8. Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law

9. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy

10. A Hierarchy of Motives
Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal.
We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.
Classify reasons to go to college into each of the different levels

11. Hierarchy of Motives (Variations)
Alderfer’s Modification
Self-Determination Theory
3 Levels
Existence Needs
Relatedness Needs
Growth Needs
Believed more than one could active at a time
Person could progress up and down the hierarchy
3 inborn, universal needs for complete sense of self and healthy relationships
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness

12. Hunger

13. HUNGER

14. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Glucose – blood sugar
When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Increased Insulin
Diminishes blood glucose
Set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.
Basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

15. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Genetic – sweet and salty
Cultural – conditioned

16. Cultural

17. Dog
Mice Wine
Fried Frog Legs
Criadillas- bull testicles.

18. The Psychology of Hunger Ecology of Eating
Situation s also control our eating
Presence of others – Does it cause us to eat more or less?
Unit Bias – larger “units” or portions cause us to eat more
Snack experiment
Bowl (31) & Scoop (17) Experiments
Internals
Externals
Eat based on internal cues
Eat based on external cues
when food is available
Which are you? What foods can you resist? What can you not resist?
What environmental or cultural factors influence your eating habits?

19. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

20. Bulimia

21. Anorexia Nervosa
Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight.
See themselves as fat.
Vast majority are woman.

22. Anorexia Nervosa

23. Anorexia Nervosa

24. Dove Ad
How could the media’s portrayal of “beauty” help cause some of the body image problems?

25. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

28. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

29. Obesity and Weight Control
Definition = BMI over 30
Statistics
Doubled in last 40 years
34% of people in US
Increased Risk of:
Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, certain cancers, and Death

30. Obesity
BMI =
Weight (lbs) x .45
[Height (in) / 39.4]2

31. Obesity

32. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity
Stereotypes / View of obese
Slow, lazy, sloppy
Video monitor experiment
Weight discrimination
Psychological effects of obesity
25% ↑ in depression and anxiety

33. Weight Discrimination

34. Weight Discrimination

35. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Arithmetic of Weight Gain:
People get fat from consuming more calories than they expend.
Energy equivalent of a pound of fat is 3500
Therefore, dieters will lose a pound for every 3500 calorie reduction in their diet, right?
WRONG!
Fat Cells – can swell up and divide, but can never be lost
Role of Leptin – released by fat cells and signals hypothalamus that we are hungry

36. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism
Obese put on a 450 calorie a day diet
Only 6 percent loss of weight
Why?

37. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
The genetic factor
Adoptive children’s weight more closely resemble those of biological parents
Identical Twins weights similar, even when reared apart
Many genes influence body weight
The food and activity factor
Sleep loss – Leptin falls, Ghrelin rises
Social influence – most likely to become obese when a friend does as well
Food consumption and activity level
What we eat/types of food available/portions
Lifestyle

38. Obesity

39. Losing Weight

40. Losing Weight

41. Losing Weight Begin only if motivated Minimize Exposure to Temptation
It’s a lifelong career!
Minimize Exposure to Temptation
Boost Your Metabolism
Activity Levels & Sleep
Eat Healthy Foods
Don’t diet, change your diet
Don’t Starve All Day, Then Have One Big Meal
Slows metabolism
Beware of the Binge
Eat Slowly, Try not to break diet

42. The Need to Belong

43. The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong
Sustaining relationships
The pain of ostracism
ostracism

44. Ostracism & Bullying
Have you ever felt left out? How memorable was it?

45. Ostracism & Bullying
Have you ever stood up for someone being bullied? How recent was it? If you haven’t lately, why not?

46. Sexual Motivation

47. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

48. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

49. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

50. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

51. Sexual Motivation
Explain how sex can be a motivating factor in behavior.
2 specific examples that do not include actual sex

52. The End

53. Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

54. Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

55. Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

56. Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

57. Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

58. Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

59. Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

60. Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

61. Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

62. Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

63. Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

64. Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

65. Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

66. Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

67. Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

68. Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

69. Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).