1. Phylogeographic relationships of Cottus bairdii Sun Yeong Oh 1, Peter Unmack, Dennis K. Shiozawa 1, R. Paul Evans 2, Nina Laitinen 1 1 Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 2 Department of Micro and Molecular Biology Brigham Young University 84602

3. B ACKGROUND Mottled sculpin Freshwater sculpin Family cottidae Found widely and unevenly throughout North America Widespread from Tennessee River, Missouri River, Columbia river and Great Basin Combination of bars, spots, and speckles randomly distributed Maximum length is 15 cm Favored habitat is well- oxygenated and clear water

4. Q UESTION Where did the Butterfield Springs population originate?

5. Cottus bairdii Sampling places in the western U.S.

6. 2007 C ONCLUSION Butterfield cottids are not clearly related to the Colorado River Cottus bairdii Instead they are more likely derived from the Bonneville Basin The closest haplotype occurs in Mammoth Creek

7. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield

8. 2007 C ONCLUSION Butterfield cottids are not clearly related to the Colorado River Cottus bairdii Instead they are more likely derived from the Bonneville Basin The closest haplotype occurs in Mammoth Creek

9. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield

10. 2007 C ONCLUSION Butterfield cottids are not clearly related to the Colorado River Cottus bairdii Instead they are more likely derived from the Bonneville Basin The closest haplotype occurs in Mammoth Creek

11. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield Mammoth River

12. 2007 C ONCLUSION Butterfield Springs Cottids are native. They appear to have originated from a stream capture between the Virgin River and Bonneville Basin. A potential route is via the East Fork of the Virgin River. The sequence divergence between the Butterfield Springs population and the Bonneville Basin populations makes the Butterfield Springs population very unique

13. Cottus bairdii are native to Butterfield spring. They are not transplanted by man

14. 2007 C ONCLUSION Butterfield Springs Cottids are native. They appear to have originated from a stream capture between the Virgin River and Bonneville Basin. A potential route is via the East Fork of the Virgin River. The sequence divergence between the Butterfield Springs population and the Bonneville Basin populations makes the Butterfield Springs population very unique

15. White River Virgin River Sevier River

16. East Fork Virgin River

17. 2007 C ONCLUSION Butterfield Springs Cottids are native. They appear to have originated from a stream capture between the Virgin River and Bonneville Basin. A potential route is via the East Fork of the Virgin River. The sequence divergence between the Butterfield Springs population and the Bonneville Basin populations makes the Butterfield Springs population very unique

18. P ROJECT 2011

19. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield Mammoth River

20. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield Mammoth River

21. A BSTRACT (2011) The mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdii ) is widely distributed throughout North America. By studying the phylogeography of these species, we can associate major geologic changes with the divergence of different lineages. The population of C. bairdii living the furthest downstream in the Colorado River Basin, occurs in Butterfield Springs of the White River drainage basin of Nevada. We have examined the ND4 mitochondrial gene to identify the source of origin for this population – whether it originated from populations in the Colorado River or from those in the Bonneville Basin. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the sculpin from Mammoth Creek, in the Bonneville Basin, are most closely related to those from Butterfield Springs, but that both the Mammoth and Butterfield populations fall within the Colorado River clade. This then may reflect either a more ancient association between the Bonneville Basin and the Colorado River Basin, or a secondary invasion from the Colorado River into the Bonneville Basin.

22. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield Mammoth River

23. White River Virgin River Sevier River

24. A BSTRACT The mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdii ) is widely distributed throughout North America. By studying the phylogeography of these species, we can associate major geologic changes with the divergence of different lineages. The population of C. bairdii living the furthest downstream in the Colorado River Basin, occurs in Butterfield Springs of the White River drainage basin of Nevada. We have examined the ND4 mitochondrial gene to identify the source of origin for this population – whether it originated from populations in the Colorado River or from those in the Bonneville Basin. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the sculpin from Mammoth Creek, in the Bonneville Basin, are most closely related to those from Butterfield Springs, but that both the Mammoth and Butterfield populations fall within the Colorado River clade. This then may reflect either a more ancient association between the Bonneville Basin and the Colorado River Basin, or a secondary invasion from the Colorado River into the Bonneville Basin.

25. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield Mammoth River

26. Butterfield Mammoth

27. A BSTRACT The mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdii ) is widely distributed throughout North America. By studying the phylogeography of these species, we can associate major geologic changes with the divergence of different lineages. The population of C. bairdii living the furthest downstream in the Colorado River Basin, occurs in Butterfield Springs of the White River drainage basin of Nevada. We have examined the ND4 mitochondrial gene to identify the source of origin for this population – whether it originated from populations in the Colorado River or from those in the Bonneville Basin. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the sculpin from Mammoth Creek, in the Bonneville Basin, are most closely related to those from Butterfield Springs, but that both the Mammoth and Butterfield populations fall within the Colorado River clade. This then may reflect either a more ancient association between the Bonneville Basin and the Colorado River Basin, or a secondary invasion from the Colorado River into the Bonneville Basin.

28. Butterfield Mammoth

29. A BSTRACT The mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdii ) is widely distributed throughout North America. By studying the phylogeography of these species, we can associate major geologic changes with the divergence of different lineages. The population of C. bairdii living the furthest downstream in the Colorado River Basin, occurs in Butterfield Springs of the White River drainage basin of Nevada. We have examined the ND4 mitochondrial gene to identify the source of origin for this population – whether it originated from populations in the Colorado River or from those in the Bonneville Basin. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the sculpin from Mammoth Creek, in the Bonneville Basin, are most closely related to those from Butterfield Springs, but that both the Mammoth and Butterfield populations fall within the Colorado River clade. This then may reflect either a more ancient association between the Bonneville Basin and the Colorado River Basin, or a secondary invasion from the Colorado River into the Bonneville Basin.

30. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield Mammoth River

31. A BSTRACT The mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdii ) is widely distributed throughout North America. By studying the phylogeography of these species, we can associate major geologic changes with the divergence of different lineages. The population of C. bairdii living the furthest downstream in the Colorado River Basin, occurs in Butterfield Springs of the White River drainage basin of Nevada. We have examined the ND4 mitochondrial gene to identify the source of origin for this population – whether it originated from populations in the Colorado River or from those in the Bonneville Basin. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the sculpin from Mammoth Creek, in the Bonneville Basin, are most closely related to those from Butterfield Springs, but that both the Mammoth and Butterfield populations fall within the Colorado River clade. This then may reflect either a more ancient association between the Bonneville Basin and the Colorado River Basin, or a secondary invasion from the Colorado River into the Bonneville Basin.

32. Upper Missouri River Basin Columbia River Basin Lahontan Basin Upper Colorado River Basin Bonneville Basin Butterfield Mammoth River

33. M ORE R ECENT T REE (M AXIMUM L IKELIHOOD )

38. C ONTINUATION AND P LAN Get more DNA sequences from Tuponce Creek, Upper Snake, Portnuef River and etc. Use Cytochrome B and ATPase 6 and 8