1. Children’s Civil War Children’s Literature Nature of Children’s Literature Confederate Schoolbooks Incorporating War Into Play Phip Flaxen Contributing to the War Effort United States Sanitary Commission Children as Victims Soldiers’ Orphans’ Homes Challenges and Opportunities for African American Children Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and Abandoned Lands

2. I) Children’s Literature

3. “A is America, land of the free, B is a Battle, our soldiers did see; C is a Captain, who led on his men, D is a Drummer Boy, called little Ben; E is the Eagle, that proudly did soar, F is our Flag, that shall wave evermore.”

5. “In the cause of independence our forefathers sacrificed their lives and fortunes. Let us aim to hand down to latest posterity the priceless heritage of the Union, cemented by their richest blood.”

6. II) Incorporating War Into Play

7. Lilly Martin Spencer, “The War Spirit at Home—Celebrating the Victory at Gettysburg” (1866)

8. Currier and Ives, “The Domestic Blockade”

9. From Lydia Maria Child,”Nelly’s Hospital,” Our Young Folks (1865)

10. Girl in uniform

11. III) Contributing to the War Effort

12. Eastman Johnson, “Knitting for the Soldiers” (1861)

13. Nellie Grant as the Little Old Lady Who Lived in a Shoe

14. IV) Children as Victims

15. Raid on western town.

16. V) Challenges and Opportunities for African American Children

17. Black refugees receiving food.

18. Black refugees

19. Contraband Camp

20. Freedman’s Village

21. Attack on Colored Orphans Asylum, NYC, 1863