1. Chapter 17 Ember Rensel

2. The Columbian Exchange Transferred goods between the Eastern hemisphere and the New World People (slaves) Animals Plants Technologies Diseases (from Old World to New)

4. Trades- Intended and accidental The natives of the Western hemisphere were killed by many of the diseases-Smallpox, influenza, measles, diphtheria -Malaria and yellow fever arrived with African slaves Wheat, olives, grapes, vegetables, rice, bananas, sugar cane -- to America Maize, potatoes, manioc – to Old World Large amounts of livestock arrived in the Americas from Europe -Natives found the horse most useful

5. The Spanish Colonies The Spanish controlled - The Caribbean Islands -Mexico -American Southwest -Central America -Caribbean and Pacific coasts of South America -Andean highland -Plains in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay

6. Colonial development Portugal controlled much of the coast of Brazil Viewed society as a vertical hierarchy of estates, mainly Catholic, and a patriarchal extended-family network Natives influenced the development of the colonies and formed alliances or marriage ties with the settlers

7. State and church Council of the Indies-1524-developed in Spain, supervised government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activities in the colonies -Limited power because of geography and time -Viceroys were of the highest power in the colonies -Judicial and administrative districts -Mexico City- capital of New Spain -Lima- capital of Peru -Bahia- capital of Brazil

8. State and church cont’d… Catholic churches became popular and locals began to convert to Christianity -Provided for European spiritual needs -Promoted intellectual advancement and formal education Settlers used the church as an excuse to justify their conquests Bartolomé de Las Casas- defended the Amerindians in the early colonial period Missionary efforts were thwarted by geographical, linguistic, and cultural differences. The church became the richest institution in the Spanish colonies

9. Economy in the colonies Peruvian silver mines and Mexican sugar plantations dominated Gold was extracted in Latin America Potosí- now Bolivia- the richest silver deposit Encomienda- forced labor of the natives Mita- a labor tax Brazilian sugar plantations depended on slave labor Illegal trade relations were formed between the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French

10. Society Hidalgos- lesser nobles Creoles- whites for in America to European parents The loss of life undermined the rich and cultural society Slavery brought about racism and lower social ranking for blacks Quilombos/ paleques- runaway slaves Brazilian culture was influenced more by the Africans then the Amerindians Slaves could buy their freedom Mestizos- mixed Amerindian & European Mulattos- mixed African & European Castas- mixed peoples groups

11. The French Colonies Jaques Cartier- first stirred interest in America- explored Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence Strait The French were committed to missionary work and encouraged the extraction of fur and natural resources New France-settled in Quebec (1608) -Allied with the Huron and Algonquin Beaver fur trade fueled settlement Métis- mixed French and native- assisted in fur trade and communication

12. French colonies Firearms made indigenous people deadly Horse + gun = good military power Epidemics made conversion hard for natives The French were the most independent Treated natives well- as allies and partners English took over in 1760 after the French and Indian War when they captured Quebec

13. The English Colonies The English colonies were located along the Eastern coast of North America and some regions farther north. In the North: - Roanoke in North Carolina= failed (2x) - Newfoundland in Canada= failed In the South: -Jamestown in Virginia(1606) = success! 1.Expected easy profits 2.Survived by natives’ generosity 3.Many settlers died from diseases 4.Government forced to dissolve the Virginia Company

14. English colonies cont’d Economy based on furs, timber, and tobacco No significant city developed in Virginia, unlike Latin America Indentured servants- white, 80% of colony’s population, signed a contract to be a slave for 4-7 years in order to pay for voyage to the New World Slave populations grew rapidly as life expectancy increased House of Burgesses- government system where a Crown-appointed governor and his council and representatives would meet and formed a democratic ruling system. Southern settlements benefitted most from fur trade Stono Rebellion-1739- largest slave uprising Colonial South Carolina= most hierarchical society in British N. America

15. New England Pilgrims- wished to break away from the Church of England -Settled in Plymouth, Mass Puritans- wanted to “purify” the Church of England, separate it from government -Mass. Bay colony Gender balance Became more “American”-independent

16. Mid-Atlantic region Manhattan Island-Dutch merchants- set up alliance with Iroquois Confederacy- gave access to rich fur trade New York colony- diverse population-trading center Pennsylvania- refuge for Quakers- 1682- William Penn -Philadelphia became the largest city in the British colonies -Peaceful relations with natives

17. Reforms Both Spanish and British America had to reform in order to encompass economic growth and resources.