1. Imperial Rome Images of a culture

2. Roman Empire, 40 BC

3. Augustus Caesar, Princeps 27 BC–AD 14

4. Imperial Rome Augustan Age 27 BC-AD 14 Augustan Age 27 BC-AD 14 –Political Reforms –Economic Reforms –Military Reforms –Moral Reforms –Propaganda Post-Augustan Dynasties to AD 180 Post-Augustan Dynasties to AD 180 –Conditions at Home –Conditions on the Frontier Life in Rome ca. AD 100 Life in Rome ca. AD 100 –Urban Life –Agriculture –Culture

5. Rule of Augustus (27 BC-AD 14) Principate (Augustan Settlement) retained military imperium Principate (Augustan Settlement) retained military imperium Pax Romana Pax Romana Octavian becomes Augustus (man of honor) Octavian becomes Augustus (man of honor) Elected Consul (31 BC) Elected Consul (31 BC) Tribune powers granted permanently (27 BC) Tribune powers granted permanently (27 BC) Marked the beginning of the Roman Empire Marked the beginning of the Roman Empire

6. Roman Empire, AD 14

7. Dynasties and Key Emperors Julio-Claudian Dynasty Julio-Claudian Dynasty –Augustus Caesar 27 BC–AD 14 –Tiberius Caesar 14–37 –Gaius (Caligula) 37–41 –Claudius 41–54 –Nero 54–69 Year of the Four Emperors AD 69 Year of the Four Emperors AD 69 Galba Galba Otho Otho Vitellius Vitellius Vespasian—> Vespasian—> Flavian Dynasty Flavian Dynasty –Vespasian 69–79 –Titus 79–81 –Domitian 81–96 The “Good Emperors” The “Good Emperors” –Nerva 96–98 –Trajan 98–117 –Hadrian 117–138 –Antoninus Pius 138–161 –Marcus Aurelius 161– 180

8. Life in Rome, ca. AD 100 Culture Culture –Coinage –Architecture: new town and aquaducts –Communications –Education: private and expensive –Popular interests: gladitorial contests City Life: Rome, Pompeii City Life: Rome, Pompeii Agriculture Agriculture Signs of trouble in 2 nd Century Signs of trouble in 2 nd Century

9. Roman Roads, Via Appia

10. Hadrian’s Wall, AD 130s

11. Roman Coin, ca. 2 nd Century

12. Flavian Amphitheater in Rome AD 80

13. Interior Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum)

14. Gladiator Figures

15. Pantheon, Exterior

16. Pantheon, Interior Dome

17. Roman Baths (Bath, England)

18. Roman Aquaduct

19. Urban Setting, Rome ca. 100 B.C.

20. Destruction of Pompeii, AD 79

21. Street in Pompeii

22. Pompeii, amphitheatre

23. Pompeii, villa (house)

24. Pompeii, villa (atrium)

25. Pompeii, storefront

26. Pompeii, shop interior

27. Pompeii, bakery

28. Pompeii, tavern interior

29. Life in Rome, AD 100-200 Agriculture Signs of Trouble in the 2 nd century (101-200) – –Population Stagnant/Declining – –Intellectual – –Political/Military – –Spiritual Christianity Political Innovations after 200

30. Roman Empire, AD 116

31. The Growth of Christianity Atmosphere in which it grew Atmosphere in which it grew –Palestine –Philosophies and Cults What aided its expansion? What aided its expansion? –Evangelists, “classlessness,” siege mentality, martyrdoms, sense of moral superiority, organization What hindered its expansion? What hindered its expansion? –Persecutions, divisions within its ranks Eventual growth into state religion Eventual growth into state religion

32. Political Developments within the Roman Empire, 3 rd -5 th centuries Militarization of the state under Septimus Severus Militarization of the state under Septimus Severus Series of rulers chosen by army (Barracks Emperors) Series of rulers chosen by army (Barracks Emperors) Division of the Empire (Diocletian) Division of the Empire (Diocletian) –Tetrarchy: 2 Augusti & 2 Caesars Prefectures & dioceses Reassertion of Unity (Constantine) Reassertion of Unity (Constantine) Growing Threat of Barbarian Migrations Growing Threat of Barbarian Migrations Fall of Western Empire Fall of Western Empire

33. Roman Empire, ca. 330

34. Split of the Roman Empire 2nd century: power shifted from Rome to the eastern provinces. 2nd century: power shifted from Rome to the eastern provinces. Diocletian (r. 284-305): tetrarchy: prefectures & dioceses Diocletian (r. 284-305): tetrarchy: prefectures & dioceses Constantine the Great (r. 306-337) Constantine the Great (r. 306-337) Constantinople became capital (330) Constantinople became capital (330) Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) –More urbanized east, Greek influence –Lasted until 1453 when conquered by Ottoman Turks

35. Roman Empire, AD 476