1. ROME 753 BCE-600 CE Animated map

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4. 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 4 I. Geography 1.LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION Italy at crossroads of Med. Sea Rome at crossroads of Italian peninsula 2.Mild climate and arable land for surplus farming

5. II. Roman Republic 509-44 BCE 1.Ruled by kings from 753-509 BCE 2.Senate Made up of wealthiest, most influential Romans 3.2 Consuls Led gov’t, served 1 yr, chosen by Senate 4.Conflict: Patricians and Plebians Lower classes had few rights, always fighting for more Tribune- chosen by lower class, had great power 5

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7. III. Society 1.Paterfamilias Oldest male in family ALWAYS in charge 2.Women treated like children No voting or property rights 3.Hierarchical society 4.Patron/Client Patron (senator) provided benefits for clients Legal advice, food, protection, loans Clients voted for patron and fought for him in battle 7

8. IV. Roman Expansion 1.By 290 BCE took over all of Italy Won support by offering Roman citizenship 2.Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Fought Carthage- gained Sicily, Spain, Carthage 3.Gaius Julius Caesar 51 BCE Conquered Celts of Gaul (in France) 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 8

10. V. Failure of Republic 1.Agriculture began to fail The rich bought out land and created Latifundia-large estate did not produce necessary grain 2.High unemployment- poverty and riots 3.Influential generals Promised benefits to soldiers Army more loyal to generals than to Rome 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 10

11. VI. Roman Principate 31 BCE-330 CE 1.Octavian (Augustus Caesar)- military dictator Emperor (Caesar) affirmed by Senate Emperor began to create laws, not Senate Emperor was deified after death 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 11

12. VII. Urban Empire 1.Rome administered through and for a network of cities and towns: Major cities Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage 2.Makeup of towns/cities: Temples, gardens, baths, theaters, amphitheaters, and games Rich lived in fine townhomes Poor lived in dark, smelly, wooden tenements susceptible to fire 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 12

13. VII. Continued… 3.Commerce greatly increased during Pax Romana (Roman Peace) 4.Rome depended heavily on grain imports from Egypt 5.Romanization- spread of Latin language and Roman way of life Mainly in western provinces, east was still Hellenisitic Towns sprang up and locals were granted citizens’ rights 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 13

14. VIII. Rise of Christianity 1.In Judaea (Israel), Jews waited for promised “Messiah”. 2.Jesus preached a personal faith in God; he was son of God. 3.Jesus accused of blasphemy by Jews. Turned over to Romans and crucified. 4.Followers spread religion throughout empire. Apostle Paul spread Christianity to most Greek communities and Rome At first, it mainly appealed to women, slaves, poor. 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 14

15. IX. Technology & Transformation 1.Aqueducts- carried water from source to urban center 2.Arches and domes- extensively used in Roman construction. Allowed distribution of great weight 3.Concrete invented and cranes used extensively Amphitheaters, brides, roads, baths, sewers 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 15

16. IX. Continued… 1.“Third-century crisis” Symptom: frequent change of rulers Germanic tribes raid Costs of defense raised taxes, coins devalued Population shifted into countryside 2.Diocletian (284 CE)- ruled more than 20 yrs and reformed economy to save the Empire 5/23/2015copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 16