1. The Roman Republic and Empire
Chapter 1
Section 2

2. Focus Questions
1. How did the government of Rome develop into an empire?
2. What modern democratic principles originate from ancient Rome?

3. Romans
Romans established a government called a republic (a government in which supreme power belongs to the citizens through their right to vote)
Romans thought a republic (indirect democracy) would keep any individual from gaining too much power
The 300 members of the republic’s senate were all patricians—the landholding upper class (nobles)
Senators, who served for life, made the Roman laws

4. Roman Warrior

5. Roman Government Structure
Each year, the senators elected two consuls from among the patricians
The consuls supervised the business of government and commanded Rome’s armies
In the event of war, the senate might choose a dictator to temporarily take complete control over the government
The law granted each Roman the power to rule for six months
A dictator is a person who rules with total authority and often in a cruel and brutal manner

6. Roman Senate

7. Roman Armies

8. Roman Consul

9. Roman Government Structure
The common people, or plebians, influenced government to have the laws written down in the Twelve Tables
They also gained the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes
The tribunes could veto (preventing a bill passed by a legislature from becoming a law) laws passed by the senate that were harmful to the plebians

10. The Twelve Tables

11. Roman Government

12. Expansion of Roman Political System
As Rome’s political system evolved, its armies expanded Roman power into the eastern Mediterranean region
On the north coast of Africa, the Romans also destroyed the city-state of Carthage and established themselves as masters of the Western Mediterranean
Expansion, however, created problems
At issue was who should hold power—the senate or popular political leaders looking to enact reforms
Soon Rome was plunged into a civil war over this power struggle

13. Map of Roman Empire

14. Julius Caesar
Military commander who emerged from the civil chaos and seized control
Although Caesar kept the senate and other features of the republic, he forced the senate to make him dictator
Jealous and fearful of his power, Caesar’s enemies stabbed him to death
Caesar’s opponents believed he wanted to make himself king
Caesar’s grand-nephew Octavian became the new ruler
The senate gave Octavian the title Augustus Caesar, and he became the first emperor

15. Death of Julius Caesar

16. Pax Romana
During the time known as the Pax Romana (Roman Peace), the Roman empire brought peace, order, unity, and prosperity to the lands it ruled
Trade flowed freely to and from distant lands in Africa and Asia
Merchants carried ivory, gold, spices, silk, and other commodities
People spread/shared ideas as they traveled
Ideas about democracy spread to places the Romans traveled

17. Legal Principles From Roman Times
Accused presumed innocent until proven guilty
Accused had right to face the accuser
Accused could offer a defense to the charges
Guilt had to be established “clearer than daylight” through evidence
Judges interpreted the laws and were expected to make fair decisions

18. Legacy of Rome
Greatest legacy of Rome was the establishment of justice through the law
(A legacy is something that is left behind to future generations)
In the 400s, the emperor Justinian, in what was now the eastern Byzantine empire, reformed the Roman law code
The Roman Law Code became known as Justinian’s Code
Later, this code influenced the Christian church and medieval monarchs
The Christian church preserved much of the Roman culture in its teachings

19. Powerpoint Questions (17 points)
1. Define republic
2. Who were the patricians?
3. What were the responsibilities of the two consuls elected by the senate?
4. Why would the senate elect a dictator?
5. Common people were known as ___.

20. Powerpoint Questions (17 points)
6. Laws were written on tablets called the _________.
7. Define veto.
8. What city-state did the Romans destroy that established Rome as the master of the Western Mediterranean?
9. Identify the military commander who emerged and seized power amidst the chaos and civil wars
10. Who became the first emperor of the Roman empire?

21. Powerpoint Questions (17 points)
11. What does Pax Romana mean?
12. What happened during the Pax Romana?
13. What modern legal principles originate from Roman times? (four points)
14. What did the Roman emperor Justinian accomplish during his reign?