1. Rome

2. Geography
Rome is in Italy which is around the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea
3 groups made up Italy:
Latins (built Rome)
Greeks
Etruscans (took over Rome)

3. Rome Rome was founded by 2 brothers, Romulus and Remus.
They were abandoned on the Tiber river and raised by a she-wolf

4. Rome Romans were borrowers
In the early years of Rome, they borrowed the Etruscans’ writing, alphabet, and architecture
They borrowed the Greek Gods and changed their names
Examples: Zeus=Jupiter, Ares=Mars, Hermes=Mercury, Poseidon=Saturn, Hades=Neptune

5. Roman Republic
The Etruscans took over Rome and placed their kings over the Latins.
The Latins in Rome overthrew the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud and they said they would never be ruled by a king.

6. Roman Republic
Rome started a republic, a government where people vote for their leaders
However, only free-born male could vote.

7. Roman Republic 3 groups made up Rome:
Patricians: landowners who held the power
Plebians: common people
Slaves

8. Roman Republic United States Executive Legislative Judicial Executive
Two Consuls
“I forbid” = veto
Legislative
Senate - Patricians
Assembly – Plebeians
Judicial
8 Praetors
Executive
Pres/VP
Only Pres can veto
Legislative
Senate
House of Representatives
Judicial
9 Supreme Court Judges

9. Rome Government
In an emergency, Rome could appoint a dictator to make laws and command the army. However, power only lasted 6 months

10. Roman Republic
These laws were written on 12 stone tablets and put in the Forum where everyone can see them
They were called the Twelve Tables

11. Roman Army The Roman Army was made up of legions
Each legion is made up of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers and each legion had its own flag (its eagle)

12. Rome expands Rome eventually conquered all of Italy with its legions
Those they conquered were given the citizenship with Rome except the right to vote.
Rome left the conquered with local control as long as they send men and did not make treaties with enemies of Rome

14. Punic Wars
As Rome expanded, it fought with another nation called Carthage over trade.
They fought 3 wars called the Punic Wars

15. Punic Wars
Carthage under Hannibal invaded Rome from the Alps and attacked Rome for a decade
He won his greatest victory at Cannae

18. Punic Wars
Rome under Scipio decided to attack Carthage, while Hannibal was in Italy.
Hannibal raced back to Carthage and lost at Zuma.
Carthage was later destroyed by Rome.
It was burned down
50000 citizens were sold into slavery
Rome then salted the earth, so nothing could grow

19. Rome As Rome expanded, many problems started to happening
The gap between rich and poor was widening
Many poor farmers lost their land and became homeless and wandered the countryside
The rich were becoming corrupted and the slaves were developing resentment

20. Rome
Rich landowners created large estates called latifundias

21. Rome
2 brothers tried to help Rome’s poor by limiting the size of latifundias and giving land to the poor
Tiberius Gracchus
Gaius Gracchus

22. Rome Generals began to recruit the homeless for soldiers= civil war
To stop the war a triumvirate (group of 3 rulers) was formed

23. Rome The 1st triumvirate were Julius Caesar General Pompey
Wealthy Crassus

24. Rome Caesar then went to Gaul He conquered it and became more popular
Pompey grew scared and told Caesar to disband his legions
Caesar crossed the Rubicon and won against Pompey

25. Rome
Caesar became a dictator for life or an absolute ruler (ruler who had total power)
Some Romans became jealous

26. Rome
Marcus Brutus and others stabbed Caesar 23 times in the Senate chamber
Last words “Et tu, Brute?”

27. Rome
After Caesar’s death, a civil war started between the killers and the supporters of Caesar
A 2nd triumvirate was formed to stop the killers from gaining power

28. Rome The 2nd triumvirate was Octavian (Caesar’s nephew)
Mark Antony (Caesar’s general)
Lepidus (powerful politician)

29. Rome Octavian and Antony fought for Rome
Antony joined with Cleopatra and lost to Octavian at Actium
Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide

30. Rome Octavian started the Roman Empire with him as the 1st emperor
He even changed his name to Augustus

31. Rome
Augustus took over and started the Pax Romana or peace of Rome that lasted for 200 years
He opened up the Silk Road (the road that connected that brought silk from China for Roman goods)
He also reformed the calendar by adding 2 months. This is called the Julian Calendar

32. Rome Social
Values of Rome: discipline, self-sacrifice, loyalty to family, and thrift
Roman families were lead by the oldest male called the paterfamilias

33. Rome Women Rome women had more freedoms than Greek women.
They could work, own property, and testify in court
They still could not vote

34. Rome
Most people were still poor, so to gain support from these people, Romans used Bread and Circuses

35. Rome Religion
Jesus was born during this time and stressed that people should love God, their neighbors, and their enemies.
Some Jews thought he was the Messiah or savior chosen by God

36. An Early Depiction
of Jesus
What Do You Think?

37. Rome
The main source of Jesus’ life is in the first four books of the New Testament called the Gospels
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
The Gospels are in the Christian Holy Book called the Bible

38. Rome The disciples of Jesus were called Apostles
After Jesus’ Death they spread the word of the new religion, Christianity.
The head disciple was Peter who was known as the “Rock” and founded the Church in Rome

39. Rome
A former enemy turned disciple was Paul, who created churches for non-Jews.

40. Rome
Christians were persecuted by Rome in the beginning (fed to the lions at the Colosseum)
Martyrs are people who die for their beliefs
So, Christians got organized
Bishops were put in charge of many churches
The Pope in Rome became in charge of all the Bishops

41. Rome
Constantine took over the Roman Empire and converted to Christianity.
This stopped the persecution and started the spread of the religion throughout the empire.
He also issued the Edict of Milan which gave freedom of religion

42. Pax Romana
Roman Roads
Latin/Greek
Three conditions for spread

44. Six Reasons for the Appeal
Faith of martyrs
Hope for better life after death
Love – Personal relationship of God
Equality – All believers equal - sinners
Purpose – Meaningful life
Eternal Life
What groups in Rome would be attracted?
How do these values compare to traditional
Roman values? New Roman values?

45. Rome
As Christianity grew, church leaders called anything not Christian heresy
One of the fathers of the Christian Religion was Augustine who wrote The City of God and Confessions

46. Military Causes of the Fall
Threat from Northern European tribes
Barbarians
Low funds for defense
Problems recruiting Roman citizens
Recruiting of non-Romans – fought for pay
Mercenaries
Decline of Patriotism and loyalty among soldiers

47. Political Causes of the Fall
Political office seen as a burden not a reward
Military interference in politics
Civil war and unrest
Individualism – self interest
Division of Empire
Moving of capital to Byzantium

48. Social Causes of the Fall
Decline in interest in public affairs
Low confidence in the empire
Disloyalty – Lack of patriotism – corruption
Contrast between the rich and poor
Individualism - freedom

49. Rome Falls
The German rulers took the Latin language, Roman laws, and the Christian Church

50. The Visigoths 410 A.D. - Alaric - Visigoth chief
Late 330s - 400s A.D. - variety of Germanic groups gradually gained control of Roman territory
Visigoths
Vandals
Franks
Angles
Saxon 
410 A.D. - Alaric - Visigoth chief
captured and sacked Rome
after his death they retreated into Gaul

51. Alaric Sacks Rome

52. Barbarian Invasions

53. Attila the Hun Leader of Mongol nomads that forced Germanic nomads
to move into Rome
The Huns
nomadic group from central Asia
led by Attila the Hun 
raided the eastern empire
moved north into Gaul
453 A.D. - Attila the Hun died

54. End of Roman Dominance Barbarians (illiterate and non-urban)
Settled in Roman territory after pressure from the Huns
Vandals
Invaded Italy from north Africa
Ostrogoths
Odoacer captured Ravenna

55. Roman Legacies Adopted by Germanic invaders
Latin language
Roman Law
Christianity