1. WHI.6
Rome

2. Geography (6a)
How was the geographic location important to the economic, social, and political development of ancient Rome?

3. Rome’s Geography.. Located in Italy ( Boot-shaped Peninsula)
South of Europe and extends into the Mediterranean Sea
(Half way between Africa and Europe)
(Half way between East and West Mediterranean)

4. Rome Geography.. Mountains Located in the North
Protects, but does not isolate Rome
High mountain ranges= Alps

5. Rome Geography Sea Located in South, East, and West Protects Rome
Provides transportation and trade

6. Geography Rich soil and pleasant climate
Balance between agriculture and fishing
Rivers are short and swift
Provides little means of internal navigation.

7. Geography Rome grows in center of peninsula
Several small villages, grouped around a central market (Forum)

8. Geography results City prospered from its location
Bridge City- Control access across river
Valuable trade routes
Sea access

9. Roman Mythology Based on the Greek Polytheistic religion
Explained natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events

10. Roman Mythology
The Roman gods and goddesses included..

11. Jupiter
Ruler of the Gods

12. Juno
Wife of Jupiter
Protector of marriage

13. Apollo
God of beauty, poetry, music and the sun

14. Diana
Goddess of earth, wildfire, and hunters

15. Minerva
Goddess of war and peace and wisdom

16. Venus
Goddess of love

17. Mythology
Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from Ancient Roman mythology
Owls: Wisdom
Cupid St. Valentine’s Day
Opposites: Yin/Yang
Olive Branch: Peace

18. Conquest of Italy Etruscans Greeks Latin's Arrived around 1000 BC
Created small sheep herding villages
Greeks
Arrived ~750 BC
Trade colonies in the South
Brought religion, trade, & architecture
Etruscans
Arrived ~800 BC from Asia Minor
Brought writing, omen reading (auspices), trade, & architecture

19. Etruscans
They were great metal workers, jewelers, enjoyed dancing, banquets, women enjoyed greater freedom
Revolt
509 BC
Roman aristocracy threw out Tarquinis Superbus (The last Etruscan monarch)

20. The Roman Republic Republic- elected officials governed the state
Women, aliens, and slaves were excluded from the governing process
Became a foundation of modern democracy

21. Roman society
Divided between patrician families and plebian families

22. Social structure Determined by birth, not wealth
Patricians: descendants of the founding fathers of Rome
Made laws for Rome
Plebeians: free citizens, merchants, artisans, soldiers
Could vote

23. Social structure Slaves Not race based
Prisoners of war, debtors, or poor

24. Citizenship
The citizens of the Roman Republic were the Patrician and Plebian men
No women and only selected foreigners
Rights and responsibilities of citizenship
Examples: paying taxes and military service

25. Conflict of the Orders Patricians belief:
Only people with land would fight well
Established property qualifications to serve in military (plebeians became increasingly disqualified)
Problems of debt and land forces small landowners and poor into debt slavery
Threatened the protection of the people

26. Plebeians gain more power
Invaders threaten city
Plebeians refused to fight in the army until reforms were made
Form their own assembly “Plebeian Council”
Gained the right to elect own officials, called tribunes,
Protect them from unjust treatment

27. Twelve Tables 451 BC Law written on 12 tablets and hung in Forum
the basis for Roman law
All free citizens had the protection of the law

28. Government of Rome Executive 2 Consuls Elected to 1 year terms
Had power to veto (could cancel laws)

29. Government Legislative Senate Assemblies Made of patricians
Lifetime terms
Made laws
Assemblies
Made of citizen soldiers
Eventually gained the power to make laws

30. Government Judicial Praetors
Judges chosen for one year to oversee courts

31. Roman Dictator (sometimes)
6 month terms only in times of crisis
Appointed by consuls & approved by senate

32. military All males required to be in military
Fought in Legions: soldiers, mixed with Calvary
Legions broke into 60 Centuries ( men)

33. The Punic wars

34. The Roman Army Who could be apart of the army?
All Roman citizens yrs old with the minimum amount of property
10 yrs in cavalry or 16 yrs infantry

35. The Roman Army Success depended on military organization
Believed the citizens who had land to protect would fight bravely

36. Roman Army Military tactics First used Greek Phalanx
Replaced by maniples
Better suited for rough terrain
maniples were combined into larger groups called cohorts
10 cohorts of 600 men made up a legion

37. Roman Army Legions Commanded by officers called centurions
Disciplined and well trained

38. Rome and Carthage Rome is located in Italy
Carthage is located on the northern coast of Africa (established by the Phoenicians, major trading center)

39. Rome and Carthage
Come into conflict with each other because of competition with trade
Rome extends southward
Carthage feared its commerce would be threatened
Carthage = powerful navy, little interest in dominating large areas of land
Rome = Powerful land army

40. 1st Punic War Punic- Latin for Phoenician
Started in 264 BC and lasted for 23 yrs.
Who won?
Rome
Used planks on their ships to let their men run across to attack the enemy

41. Result of the 1st Punic War
Monetary (Money) settlement to Rome
Rome took over Sicily and other islands off of the coast of Italy.

42. 2nd Punic War (Hannibal’s Invasion)
Hannibal= great Carthaginian general
Bitter from previous war
Lead 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants to Rome
Went through the Alps
Lost more than half of his men

43. 2nd Punic war Defeated Romans repeatedly Publius Cornelius Scipio
Battle of Cannae (216 BC) = killed/wounded as many as 50,000 Romans
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Roman general
Plan to attack Carthage
Hannibal returned to Carthage to defend the city
Rome WON!

44. Conquest of the Mediterranean World
Rome imposed a harsh peace
Carthage loses its navy, Spanish possessions and independence
Citizens were outraged by Rome’s decision not to destroy Carthage

45. “Carthage Must Be Destroyed!!
149 BC = Rome decided to destroy its old enemy once and for all
Declared a third Punic War
Following a three year siege, Carthage fell
Rome enslaved the population and destroyed the city
Poured salt all over the soil/ground in Carthage, so that they could no longer grow anything

46. After Rome’s Victory
Rome dominated the Mediterranean basin for 100 yrs.
This contributed to the spread of Roman culture throughout the area.

47. After Rome’s Victory
Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, Including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean)
Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles)