1. Do Now
List 3 main problems in the Roman Empire in complete sentences. (page 8-9 of your textbook)
1. One problem that led to the fall of the Roman Empire was _______________________________.
2. Other problems in the late Empire were __________________________________________.
3. A final problem was ______________________.

2. Do Now Explain the definition and significance of each term Republic
Empire
Emperor
Augustus
Christianity

3. Ancient Rome
World History

5. Essential Question: How did Rome begin?
Latins built the original settlement of Rome by the Tiber River.
Rome began in the center of what is now Italy, some time between 700 – 500 B.C.
Favorable environment

6. From kingdom to republic…
Sometime during 8th century (800) B.C. Rome became a kingdom ruled by kings mainly from the Etruscans
The last king to rule was Tarquin the Proud, Romans rose up against him in 510 B.C.
They refused to live under the rule of a king again and decided to base their new government largely on the will of the people.

7. Essential Question: Why did Rome change from a republic to an empire?
Rome established a republic. In a republic, power rests with the citizens.
Why is this so important? The Roman republic serves as a model for many of today’s democratic nations, including the United States.
Citizens (free-born males) had the right to vote (voice in government) and laws protected basic liberties.
BUT…women had few rights and slaves had none.

8. Romans limited the power of one person
Romans limited the power of one person. Two consuls (leaders) headed the government and they could only rule for one year.
The senate was the Roman lawmaking body.
Romans had a powerful and well-organized army
Between 264 – 146 B.C. Romans controlled much of the Mediterranean Sea

10. Julius Caesar & Augustus
As the Roman Republic grew larger, it became more difficult to maintain order.
In 45 B.C. Julius Caesar, a Roman general brought order and named himself sole ruler after he captured an area called Gaul.
In 44 B.C. Caesar was killed by his opponents
Caesar’s adopted son , Octavian became ruler and took the title Augustus (the divine one).
Under Augustus Rome became an empire, a group of different territories under a single all-powerful ruler, the emperor.

12. Pax Romana
Under Augustus, Rome experienced a long period of peace and prosperity called the Pax Romana (Roman Peace)
Augustus died in A.D. 14 but his policies enabled Rome to grow and become stronger.

13. Ancient Rome

14. Essential Question: What internal problems weakened the Roman Empire?
Internal weaknesses
2nd century A.D.: the empire stopped expanding = less wealth. So government raised taxes, making life difficult for citizens.
Education became to expensive, so less education = people became less informed
Less farmland = less harvests & food
Use of slaves prevented improvements in agriculture technology
Soldiers became loyal to individuals, not Rome.
Increase in political corruption = decline in citizen loyalty

15. Rome divides
Rome continues under two emperors: Diocletian and Constantine
Diocletian divided the empire into east and west.
Constantine succeeded Diocletian as emperor
Helped the growth of Christianity by making Christianity legal
In A.D. 330 he moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium (a Greek city in the east), later known as Constantinople

18. Constantinople

19. Fall of the Roman Empire
A number of Germanic peoples, including the Huns, began invading Roman lands
In 476 A.D. Germanic tribes conquered Rome
In the west, by 486 A.D. Clovis, leader of the Franks, conquered the last Roman land known as Gaul.
In the east, the empire survived but became known as the Byzantine Empire.

20. Do Now
Many people have compared the United States with the Roman Empire and we indeed are heavily influences by the Romans. Do you think that the United States of America will have the same fate as the Roman Empire? Explain your answer.

21. Philosophy and Citizenship
Essential Question: What lasting contributions of Roman culture influenced later societies?
Art
Rome popularized mosaics (a picture made of many small colored tiles or pieces of glass)
Philosophy and Citizenship
Rome borrowed much from the Greeks including the philosophy of stoicism (virtue, duty & endurance in life) which helped to create a strong sense of citizenship
Language
Latin is the basis for several European languages including Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, etc…

22. Arches, vaults, and domes including aqueducts Roman roads
Essential Question: What advancements did the Romans make in the field of engineering?
Arches, vaults, and domes including aqueducts
Roman roads
50,000 miles of roads to improve communication and travel (esp to transport Rome’s powerful army)
The first road was called Appian Way

23. Preserving Christianity
Essential Question: What contributions did the Romans make to religion and law?
Preserving Christianity
Roman system of laws reflected Stoic ideals of duty and virtue
Equal treatment under the law
Presumption of innocence for the accused
Representative Government
Power with citizens
Senate
Voting rights

24. Column of Achievements
SPQR = Senatus Populusque Romanus
Create a column that commemorates the 3 areas of lasting contributions of the Roman Empire
1. Roman Culture (Art, Philosophy, & Language)
2. Roman Architecture & Engineering
3. Roman Government & Law

25. Starter #7
List 3 new terms or concepts you learned from this unit on Ancient Rome 1. 2. 3.

26. Starter #8 Why is the Roman Republic so important?
Answer in one complete sentence…
(hint: check your focus notes)