1. CLAS / HIST 1061 Rise and Fall of Ancient Rome Aqueduct of Valens, Istanbul, Turkey

2. Politics Republican Democracy: Elective magistrates; limited terms; checks and balances Tri-partite government: (Polybius Bk. 6) Consuls : Senate : Plebeians > President : Supreme Court : Congress

3. World Empire Size: 50,000,000 people = 1/5 world populace (compare: Han China 206 BCE – 220 CE) Generosity with citizenship: graded citizenship used to encourage cooperation; even slaves gain citizenship

4. Pax Romana (Roman Peace) European Unity / Mediterranean Unity: by 30 BCE Rome controls entire Mediterranean basin (compare: EU = larger land mass / populace, but less control of Mediterranean) National unity / Cultural pluralism: Language groups = Greek (Greece, Turkey, Middle East); Semitic (Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic); Celtic (Britain, France, Spain, Turkey); African (Egyptian, Punic, Numidian, Mauretanian); Armenian All are “Roman”

5. Empire of Cities Empire of cities: 3,000 cities; 10% of populace; new foundations (Lyons, Paris, London) and ancient cities (Athens, Jerusalem, Alexandria) Generators of culture: education; art; entertainment; production; redistribution

6. Architecture Arches: Colosseum > Galleria Milano Forms: Pantheon > Hagia Sophia > Jefferson Monument ; US Capitals

7. Architecture Arches: Colosseum > Galleria Milano Forms: Pantheon > Hagia Sophia > Jefferson Monument ; US Capitals

8. Engineering Highway system: paved roads network; bridges Fresh water: aqueducts; fountains; baths

9. Engineering Highway system: paved roads network; bridges Fresh water: aqueducts; fountains; baths

10. Languages Romance languages (descendents of Latin: 690 mil native speakers): Spanish (329 mil native speakers; 2 nd most common world language), Portuguese (236 mil; 6 th most common), French (68 mil; 11 th most common), Italian (32 mil; 18 th most common), Romanian (23 mil; 34 th most common) + non-native

11. Languages Writing system: Roman letters

12. Language English: 90 percentage of English language from Latin or Greek roots

13. Literature Drama (episode, prelude, persona) Novel (prose narrative, travel / adventure, mistaken identity, episodic)

14. Law European law: French Code Civile; German Buegerliches Gesetzbuch International law: South and Central America; South Africa; Japan; Vietnam

15. Time 365 ¼ day year; Julian / Gregorian Calendar

16. Christianity Melding of Jewish theology and Greek philosophy Spread in unified empire because of atmosphere of religious pluralism; triumph of imperial Christianity