1. The modernization
of Nanjing government

2. 1919-reorganized the GMD (formed in 1912) &
Set up military government in Guangzhou.
-turned to USSR
1925-Sun died
1926-Northern Expedition
1928-completed the expedition

3. Results:
-some areas still under warlords
-northeast occupied by Japanese
-Jiangxi controlled by Communists

4. Evaluation of the
modernization efforts
Of the Nanjing
government

5. Achievements
Diplomatically
1. Raising the international status of China
Recovery of foreign concessions
-British returned Hankou, Weihai & Xiamen
-Belgium got Tianjin

6. 2. Resumption of the tariff autonomy and
Abolition of unequal treaties
-they wanted to abolish the unequal treaties
and agreement signed between the Qing
government and
Foreign powers and replace them with new ones.
-the Nanjng government had resumed
The tariff autonomy. It was only after WWII
That it could abolish all unequal treaties.

7. 3. Cancellation of extra-territorial rights
-The Nanjing government strove to cancel
The extra-territorial rights enjoyed by the foreign
Powers in China, and this was achieved
Before the outbreak of the Second World War
1943.

8. Politically
From military rule to political tutelage
Establishment of a constitutional governments
What are the three stages?

9. Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Navy and Air Force
In 1928, the Guomindang Central Executive Committee (國民黨中央執行委員會) promulgated a provisional constitution entitled ‘An Outline of Political Tutelage’ (訓政綱要).
Jiang Jieshi
President
Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Navy and Air Force

10. Sun Yixian
The Nanjing government was established according to Sun Yixian’s theory of the ‘Five – Power Constitution’ (五權憲法).

13. Jiang Jieshi unified China in 1928.
Feng Yuxiang (馮玉祥)
Yan Xishan (閻錫山)

14. In 1928,
the Nanjing Government entered
the second stage of Political tutelage.
In May 1936,
the Nanjing government drafted a
Constitution, preparing for the establishment of
A constitutional government.
After the victory, the constitution was approved.
The National Assembly was then opened.

15. 2. The division of government power
five yuans
-executive, legislature, judiciary, civil service
Examinations and supervision of all government
Operations.
3. Legislation
The Nanjing government also made a series of
Laws. For example, a civic code was passed in
1929.

16. President The political structure of the Nanjing government
the highest organ of administration
consisted of ten ministries and a number of special commissions
Executive Yuan
composed of members
its basic function was to draft legislation
Legislative Yuan
the highest judicial organ of the state
Judicial Yuan
was responsible for conducting different types of government examinations and in charge of civil service ratings
Examination Yuan
similar to the Censorate (都察院) of imperial China
supervised government operations, audited the budget and impeached irresponsible officials
Control Yuan

17. Economically
1. The introduction of new currencies
2. Development of industry
3. Development of agriculture
4. Regulation for economic activities
5. The improvement in transportation
And communications
6. Nationwide construction

18. Factories in Nanjing

19. The new currency was backed by British pound and American dollar.
Banknotes issued by the Central Bank of China

20. 4. Developing agriculture
The Nanjing government also worked to
Increase the output of agriculture products.
In 1936, its output of rice and cotton increase
Respectively by 6.1% and 12.9% compared
With that of 1931.
The Nanjing government also considered
Carrying out land reforms and setting
Up cooperatives. However, the plan left
Unfulfilled in the end.

21. 5. Making laws for economic activities/
Regulations for economic activities
A series of laws were made in the economic
Field, e.g. on the units of measurement, foreign
Exchange, setting up of companies and
Bankruptcy.

22. 6. Planning nationwide economic construction
In 1936, a special committee was established to
Set the directions for nationwide economic
Modernization. Its achievements, however,
Were limited due to the outbreak of war shortly
Afterwards.

23. Socially-improving the social well beings
1. Setting up universities and colleges
2. Promoting free education
3. Cultural development:
In 1935, the first batch of simplified
Chinese Characters was issued, while the use of
Chinese phonetic alphabet was encouraged.

24. Chinese scientists made many significant discoveries.
Xiong Qinglai (熊慶來)
Chinese scientists made many significant discoveries.
Wu Youxun (吳有訓)
Hou Debang (侯德榜)
Li Siguang (李四光)

25. 4. Prohibition of drugs
In 1929, a law was passed to prohibit opium
Smoking. Later in 1934, other drugs were banned.
5. The launching of the New Life Movement
-politeness, righteousness, integrity, self respect
-psychological lift

26. Jiang Jieshi and his wife Song Meiling were the main advocates of the New Life Movement. They urged Chinese people to change their ways of live.
Jiang Jieshi and Song Meiling

27. In 1933, the Nanjing government started the New Life Movement (新生活運動).
Jiang Jieshi and his wife Song Meiling (宋美齡) promoting the New Life Movement in Nanchang (南昌)
In 1933, the Nanjing government started the New Life Movement (新生活運動).
Aims of the New Life Movement
to encourage hygienic practices and good habits
to raise public morals

28. Limitations
Politically
One party dictatorship
2. Little progress in democracy
-no general elections
-Jiang had the highest authority
“strong on the outside but weak on the
Inside.”

29. Economically
Monopolizing of economy
Serious corruption
Construction damaged by war
Fiscal imbalance:
-Commercial tax and custom tax
-issue of paper money--overspending

30. Socially
Problems of landlordism remained-
-80% people deeply in debt and over-burdened With taxes -nationalist officials connection with warlords

31. During the rule of the Nanjing government
spread of communist activities in the 1930s
intensification of Japanese aggression
A cartoon about Japanese aggression in China in 1932
Japan

32. In a word
China remained weak and divided.
Internal-monarchical movement, no
Genuine democracy, conflict between north
And south, poor livelihood and warlordism
External-foreign aggression
-Japan and other foreign powers
END