1. ECON 215 Dr. Lou Pantuosco

2. The Macro picture What is an economy? The large set of inter- related economic production and consumption activities which aid in determining how scarce resources are allocated. What is economics? The allocation of scarce resources among competing uses. What are the resources that are considered scarce? Land, labor capital and entrepreneurial spirit

3.  The question that each economy faces is whether they want prices, quantities, distribution of goods and services, and distribution of income to be determined by the private sector or the public sector.  Private sector – made up of consumers and businesses.  Public sector is the government. There are different levels of government : local, state and federal.  Some services are produced by both private and public agencies such as education, trash collection, and security.  The groups in the economy are consumers, businesses, and government. Types of Economic Systems

4. Economic Development from above

5. How countries choose to develop!

6. Types of Economies Who makes the decisions? Traditional System decisions are made by the elders Command System decisions are made by central government Communist Socialism Market Economy decisions are made by individuals Mixed Economy individuals make some decisions the central authority make some decisions

7. US Government spending the U.S. is a MIXED ECONOMY http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/

8. Cuba 67 percent Hong Kong 18.5 percent Italy 50 percent Japan 42 percent Philippians16 percent Spain45 percent United States42 percent Percent of GDP spent by Government Cuba 67 percent Hong Kong 18 percent Italy 50 percent Japan 42 percent Philippians16 percent Spain45 percent United States42 percent

9. Resource Ownership Who owns the goods? Communism communal ownership Socialism government ownership Capitalism private ownership

10. Foundational Tenets of Capitalism Addressing the Issues of Resource Ownership Property Rights Free Trade The Five Foundation Questions

11. Property Rights are a key component of each economic system The definition, allocation, and protection of property rights comprise one of the most complex and difficult sets of issues that any society has to resolve, but one that must be resolved in some fashion. For the most part, social critics of “property” rights do not want to abolish those rights. Rather, they want to transfer them from private ownership to government ownership. Some transfers to public ownership (or control, which is similar) make an economy more effective. Others make it less effective. The worst outcome by far occurs when property rights really are abolished. The Tragedy of the Commons is an example of the value of property rights.

12. Property Rights are important in Capitalism Tragedy of the Commons Ownership is necessary, otherwise no one will value the property. The Family Pond – passed down to the next generation.

13. Trade Options in a Capitalistic Economy Another key component is each country’s policy regarding trade. Free Trade - The theory of comparative advantage supports the concepts of specialization and exchange Fair Trade – evaluates trade policies between countries to insure a level playing field. Protectionism – isolates a country in a world economy. The objective is to protect domestic jobs.

14. The impact of trade on consumer prices Prices will differ in each of the trade approaches. Free trade – low prices, products made in low wage/ high productivity plants Fair trade – price most likely higher, government subsidies will be offset by tariffs or taxes placed on foreign goods Protection – higher prices, more American jobs

15. Within the developed countries there is a progression towards specialization and exchange. Specialization each person concentrates on a limited number of tasks or activities Exchange trading with others to obtain our desires

16. Theory of Comparative Advantage This theory has worldwide implications, because some countries have sectors that have to sacrifice for the good of the world i.e. US television or apparel producers. This theory also promotes world trade. An absolute advantage is the ability to produce a good or service using fewer resources than other producer’s use. Those who make economic decisions must decide how to allocate the resources within the economy (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial spirit).

17. Theory of Comparative Advantage A basic tenet of free trade The Theory of Comparative Advantage claims that the country (economy) with the relatively lower opportunity cost should produce the goods. For example: The US can produce corn for $100 per ton, and televisions for $25 per set. Japan can produce corn for $200 per ton, and televisions for $15 per set. What should each country produce? The US can produce corn for $100 per ton, and televisions for $10 per set. Japan can produce corn for $200 per ton, and televisions for $15 per set. What should each country produce? The US can produce corn for $100 per ton, and televisions for $5 per set. Japan can produce corn for $200 per ton, and televisions for $15 per set. What should each country produce?

18. Resource Allocation Basic Economic Questions We will answer the following five questions from a “market economy/ capitalist” perspective. 1. How much should the economy produce? 2. What should be produced? 3. How should the output be produced? 4. Who should receive the output that is produced? 5. Can the system adapt to change?

19. 1. How much should the economy produce? It depends on their resources. A given economy can only produce as much as their resources allow them to. At this point Mexico can not produce as much as the US.

20. 1. How much should the economy produce? The Production Possibility Frontier medicine tanks Combination A 2000 Combination B15050 Combination C10075 Combination D5090 Combination E0100 1. Graph the combinations. 2. Starting at 150 combination B, in terms of tanks, how many tanks does it cost the government to purchase 50 units of medicine? 3. If the government becomes better at producing both medicine and tanks, what will happen to the production possibility frontier? 4. If the government becomes better at producing tanks, but not medicine what happens to the production possibility frontier? 5. How will it be shown of the PPF, if the government has to use some of their money to pay the interest on their debt, or uses their money inefficiently?

21. 1. How much should the economy produce? The Production Possibility Frontier

22. 2. What should be produced? Leave it up to the individuals in society. Let the demand of the consumers determine what should be supplied. Adam Smith, the founder of economics, referred to the above philosophy as the "invisible hand".

23. 3. How should the output be produced? Internationally, the country that should produce the goods or services is the one(s) with the relatively lower opportunity cost (this is known as Theory of Comparative Advantage) Within a given country, the companies that produce the goods are the ones that are the most profitable and efficient. (Survival of the fittest)

24. 4. Who should receive the output that is produced? The rich people receive the goods See the income distribution chart The Shrinking Middle Class http://finance.yahoo.com/tech-ticker/the-u.s.-middle- class-is-being-wiped-out-here's-the-stats-to-prove-it- 520657.html?tickers=%5EDJI,%5EGSPC,SPY,MCD,WMT,X RT,DIA http://finance.yahoo.com/tech-ticker/the-u.s.-middle- class-is-being-wiped-out-here's-the-stats-to-prove-it- 520657.html?tickers=%5EDJI,%5EGSPC,SPY,MCD,WMT,X RT,DIA

25. 4. Who should receive the output that is produced?

26. 5. Can the system adapt to change?

27. Occupations19002010 numberpercentnumberpercent Agriculture10.435.7%4.32.9% Manufacturing7.124.4%11.57.8% Trade and Transportation4.816.5%24.916.8% Services6.823.4%107.372.5% Total29.1148 In millions Employment by Sector

28. 5. Can the system adapt to change? How have cars changed in the past ten years? How have clothes changed in the last decade? Changing structure of the American economy. Flaws of each system .. Should everyone be paid the same? If the government becomes too strong who will they be accountable to? If the rich become too wealthy will class warfare result?