1. The Enlightenment Spreads Ch. 6.3
Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influence the arts and government.

2. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris
Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during 1700s
City is home to salons—gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas
Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751
funded by salon hostess Marie-Therese Geoffrin
- set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays
Encyclopedia articles anger French government & Catholic Church
Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe How?
*ideas spread to the growing middle class
-ideas about equality sounded good

3. New Artistic Styles
Neoclassical Style Emerges (Art, Architecture, Music & Literature)
Pre-Enlightenment art style is baroque—grand, ornate design
Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes – simpler & elegant

4. New Artistic Styles Music
Changes in Music and Literature
Baroque music emulated the artist styling's of the day
(Bach & Handel)
grand, ornate chord structures and rhythms
Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style
led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Sonata and Symphony
- New music compositions

5. Baroque Music

6. Le Nozze di Figaro (don’t copy – just sit back and listen)
Le nozze di Figaro, ossia la folle giornata (The Marriage of Figaro, or the Day of Madness), K. 492, is an opera buffa (comic opera) composed in 1786 in four acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte, based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro (1784).
Although the play was at first banned in Vienna because of its satire of the aristocracy, considered dangerous in the decade before the French Revolution, the opera became one of Mozart's most successful works. The overture is especially famous and is often played as a concert piece. The musical material of the overture is not used later in the work, aside from two brief phrases during the Count's part in the terzetto Cosa sento! in act 1.[1]

7. La Nozze di Figaro

8. New Artistic Styles Literature
Novel emerges
works of fiction with detailed plots and characters
Writers (including women) began to gain popularity – esp. with the growing middle class
Samuel Richardson’s Pamela considered first true English novel
Tom Jones by Henry Fielding about an orphan who travels England for a lady.

9. Enlightenment and Monarchy
Enlightened Despots
Spirit of the Enlightenment prompts rise of enlightened despots:
*monarchs who embrace Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule
Despot = absolute rule (still didn’t want to give up power)
Frederick the Great (ruled 1740 – 1786)
Frederick II, king of Prussia
reforms education and justice system
Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom
Joseph II (1780 – 1790)
Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press
Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death

10. continued Enlightenment and Monarchy
Catherine the Great Catherine the Great—enlightened ruler of Russia, 1762–1796
Ruled w/ absolute authority, yet wanted reform for Russia
Proposed ideas based on Montesquieu & Beccaria
Exchanged many letters w/ Voltaire.
Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails
Tried to end serfdom BUT peasant revolt
Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs (1773)
Catherine Expands Russia
In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully expands Russian empire
Gains port access for Russia by seizing northern coast of Black Sea
Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing empire’s size (Poland disappeared from the map for almost 150 years)