1. Political Revolutions American Revolution ch 36 French Revolution ch 37 Revolutions of the 19th Cen ch 40

2. American Revolution Review u Participation in 7Years War -Global u Unhappy with Colonial Rule u Influenced by the Enlightenment u Idea of self determination and u Natural Rights of “Man” u Model of others- esp. Latin America

3. French Revolution Background u Causes u 1. Inequality u 2. Monarchy ineffective (Louis XV and XVI) u 3.Bad Harvests u 4.Financial Collapse u Three Estates u 1.First clergy-130,000 u owned 10% of land u 2.Second- Nobility u 120-350,000 owned 30 % of land u 3. Third Commoners u 75-80% owned 35%

4. The Third Estate p 450 u Largest Segment of French population u some remnants of feudalism(fees,rents etc.) u Skilled artisans, shopkeepers increasing u Merchants “bourgeoisie”, industrialists u owned 20-30% number growing 1.2 mil u resented nobility and lack of input to u government

5. Events of the French Revolution u Calling of the Estates General May 1789 u Fall of the Bastille u July 1789 u Abolish Feudalism u Rights of Man August 1789 u March to Versailles October 1789 u Flight of the King June 1791 u War with Austria u April 1792 u Abolition of the Monarchy Sept 1792 u Execution of King u January 1793

6. Radical Revolution u Work of a representative National Convention u Abolished monarchy, executed king, queen u Power to Committee of Public Safety- headed by Robespierre u Met threats from within and a coalition of frightened European Monarchies u Initiated “Reign of Terror” (30,000)

7. Radical Revolution (cont.) u Reaction to Reign- resulted in Robespierre death u Thermidorian Reaction (month in calendar)Beg of Rev Year 1 u Let Churches open/ less govt. regulation of business u Set up Directory result stagnation, corruption, speculation- Great opportunity for a coup d'état

8. Age of Napoleon u Dominated history 1799-1815 u Europe never recovered/remained in fear u Heroic General- success in Italy- not in Egypt u Accomplished the Coup d'état u Becomes First Consul of the Republic u Controlled army, govt., legislature- everything u 1804- Crowns himself Emperor

9. Napoleon’s Accomplishments u Civil Code of 1804 p. 455 (Most important) u Reconciled with the Catholic Church u Preserved the rights gained in the revolution u Sought to extend these rights to other Europeans u Coalitions of Europeans against u Came to influence- most German States, Holland, Spain, Italy,Warsaw u Inspired admiration and fear

10. Napoleon’s Downfall u Survival of Great Britain and Naval Power u Nationalism: Ideas of liberty, rights, freedom was powerful, but idea of self- determination won out u Invasion of Russia- 1812 u Exiled to Elba- escaped March to June 1815 u Waterloo- St Helena

11. 19th Century Revolutions Ch 40-41 u Power of Nationalism u Liberalism vs Conservatism u Series of Revolutions 1830, 1848 u New Constitutions (French Republics) u Latin America- Simon Bolivar u Italy- Cavour and Geribaldi p 502 u Germany- Prussian- Bismarck