1. Answer the following questions. 1.Compare/Contrast the causes/results of 2 revolutions. 2.How well did each revolution produce liberty and equality? 3.Which revolution best lived up to the ideals of liberty and equality? What evidence can you use to support your argument?

2. Impact of the Enlightenment Enlightenment thinkers challenged the divine right of kings & argued for liberty & rights Salons (discussion parties), high literacy rates & cheap printing helped spread new ideas across Europe These theories inspired a variety of new ideas about serfdom, slavery, gender, economics, & government

3. Impact of the Enlightenment: Revolutions As the Enlightenment spread, citizens began questioning the authority of their kings… …as a result, revolutionary wars broke out in America, France, & Latin America for independence and liberty

4. Impact of the Enlightenment: New Ideas During the Enlightenment, people throughout Europe & America began to study, read, & philosophize about new ideas. New political ideologies emerged. Conservatism- resistance to change. Belief in the importance of continuity, tradition. Advocated slow change. Liberalism- Welcomed change as a new agent of progress. Championed freedom, equality, democracy. Supported representative governments (like elected parliaments), written constitutions, minority rights, voting rights to educated landowners. Supported limited reforms, monarchy, censorship to prevent social unrest. Radicals- favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. Believed in the ideals of the French Revolution.

5. Limits of Revolutionary Ideas: Slavery Movements to end the slave trade began in 1700s, gained momentum during revolution. Abolitionists gained support. Former Slaves- Olaudah Equiano spent 21 years as a slave and saved enough money to buy his freedom. In 1789 he published a book about his experiences and conducted lecture tours, actively campaigning to abolish the slave trade. Revolutionaries- Simon Bolivar freed slaves who joined his forces. Provided constitutional guarantees of free status to all residents of Gran Columbia. Politicians- William Wilberforce was English philanthropist elected to Parliament in 1780. Repeatedly introduced the Abolition Bill until it passed in 1807. Religious Leaders-John Wesley was the Founder of the Methodist Church. Published Thoughts Upon Slavery in 1774

6. Limits of Revolutionary Ideas: Slavery Movements to end the slave trade began in 1700s, gained momentum during revolution. In 1807 Britain became one of the first European country to outlaw the slave trade. The U.S. follows suit in 1807-1808. Britain pressured Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands to abolish the slave trade, but loopholes allow it to remain strong until 1830. British ships patrolled the west coast of Africa to halt the illegal trade. The last documented ship that carried slaves across the Atlantic arrived in Cuba in 1867.

7. Limits of Revolutionary Ideas: Slavery Abolishing the slave trade did not end slavery. Movements to abolish slavery: more difficult because of property rights In Haiti and much of South America, end of slavery came with independence. Some areas took longer. In Europe and North America, campaign against slave trade became campaign to abolish slavery Abolition in Britain in 1833, France in 1848, the United States in 1865 and finally Brazil in 1888. Abolition brought legal freedom for slaves but not political equality

8. Abolition brought legal freedom for slaves but not political equality. What problems did freed slaves face after abolition? Respond to this question on your paper.

9. Limits of Revolutionary Ideas: Women Most Europeans had a traditional view of women as housewives, mothers, & not equals to men But, new Enlightenment ideas inspired efforts to improve women’s status Some women, like Mary Wollstonecraft, argued for more opportunities for education & professions Madame Geoffrin hosted salons & spoke her mind

10. Limits of Revolutionary Ideas: Women Women used the logic of Locke to argue for women’s rights. Women were crucial to revolutionary activities. Olympe de Gouges's declaration of full citizenship for women was seen as too radical. French revolution granted women rights of education and property, not the vote

11. Limits of Revolutionary Ideas: Women Women made no significant gains in other revolutions Women's rights movements gained ground in the 19 th c in United States and Europe. Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 – a conference of feminists who demanded that lawmakers grant women rights equivalent to those enjoyed by men. Women would not gain suffrage until the 19 th Amendment in 1920. In the U.S., the women’s rights movement began concurrently with the antislavery movement

12. Respond to this question on your paper. How did feminism challenge political and gender hierarchies. Provide an example.

13. Limits of Revolutionary Ideas: Serfdom Many European countries still had serfs. In Russia, nobles enjoyed almost unlimited power over them. The czar in Russia, like other nations, was reluctant to free serfs for fear of angering the landowners. Czar Alexander II became one of the last European rulers to abolish serfdom (1861). This move was to help Russia’s efforts to industrialize, not because of a belief in Enlightenment principles. Peasant communities were given land, but they had to pay the government for the land it had received. This debt tied kept them tied to the land. These countries will take steps to abolish the practice during the 18 th - 19 th centuries.

14. Nations and nationalism Nationalists were not loyal to kings, but to their people—to those who shared common bonds. Nationalism- belief that one’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.

15. Respond to this question on your paper. In what ways might a nation be affected by growing feelings of nationalism?

16. Nations and Nationalism Nationalists believed that people of a single “nationality,” or ancestry, should unite under a single government. Nationalist movements spread based on the idea that a nation, like a person, has the right to independence. Examples: ■ 1830 and 1848, rebellions in France, Spain, Portugal, German states, Belgium, Italy, and Poland ■ Ottoman Empire Greeks demanded independence 1821-1830 which inspired other territories to do the same. ■ Russian Empire & Austro-Hungarian Empires Both empires had a many distinct ethnic groups, who demanded more autonomy. Nationalism fueled movements to demand more rights or to even break away from long established empires

17. Nations and Nationalism Nationalists believed that people of a single “nationality,” or ancestry, should unite under a single government. Nationalist movements spread based on the idea that a nation, like a person, has the right to independence. Examples: ■ Unification of Italy-1870 Several kingdoms in the Italian peninsula united under one king. ■ Unification of Germany-1871 Bismarck used war to unite the various Germanic kingdoms and create the country of Germany. Nationalism also fueled movements to create new, unified nation-states. – various territories/kingdoms united as 1 country

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19. The Unification of Italy and Germany ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

20. Respond to this question on your paper. How do you think these nationalists movement will affect Europe and their colonies?

21. Summarize how the Enlightenment and Revolutionary ideas influenced the following areas. New Ideas-Slavery- Women-Serfs- Nationalism-