1. 19 th Century Westernization /Modernization Russia – Japan Commonality: prior experience of imitation: Russia –Byzantium; Japan-China Chapter 27

2. I. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance 1861, Russia begins social, political reform Russian Expansion, 1815-1914

3. I. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance II. Protest and Revolution in Russia III. Japan: Transformation without Revolution

4. Overview: Russia was behind in industrialization compared to other western nations. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great adopted many western industrial ways but did not tolerate liberal reforms. Russia's Industrialization: Doesn't develop as quickly as diplomatic sect Looks to previous civilizations for industrialization such as Byzantine Empire Serfdom becomes extended as a social aspect (still remains agricultural economy with few advances in foreign equipment but no significant change) VOCABULARY: emancipation of serfs, zemstvoes, trans-Siberian railroad Political: Conservative monarchy (Alexander II) Economic: Serfdom (serf based labor); technologically behind Conflict:The Crimean war 1853- Russia felt obligation to protect the Christian in the Balkans -Helped created Serbia and Bulgaria (1870) Reaction:Alexander II passed political reforms:

5. Political Reforms Issue: Serfdom ended in western Europe 1789; US 1865, Hungary / Prussia 1848. 1861 – The emancipation of the Serfs – ended serfdom 1.Created greater urban labor force 2.Did not spur agriculture productivity 3.Aristocratic class preserved 4.Redemption payment created hardship 5.Freed serfs lacked political power Greater Reforms by Alexander II – created “Zemstvoes” –local /regional voice -Promoted military merit promotion -Increase education (result: women gained skills/traveled outside Russia; upper class women sought professional occupation: medicine) -Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance 1870– Trans Siberian Railroad

6. Protests /Revolts 1.Protests due to famine; peasants in debts; business and professionals demand political voice 2.Intelligentsia demanded greater reforms (political freedom)- rise of radicalism; Marxism/Bolsheviks – Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 1870 – Alexander II tightened reforms (Okhrana used to subdue radicalism); censorship, arrest dissidents, etc. 1881- Alexander II assassinated Nicholas II Conservative and repressed minority groups (“Pogroms” mass execution of Jews. Result – Jewish emigration

7. Russo-Japanese War 1904 –Japanese Victory (Treaty of Portsmouth) Protests continued: Results:Duma formed Interior Minister “Piotyr Stolypin” introduced Stoypin Reforms: 1.Granted greater redemption payment to peasants 2.Peasants to buy/sell land 3.Allowed wealthy peasants to become rural capitalist – “Kulaks ” Farmers of the kolkhozes protest against the kulaks in 1930 Russian well to do peasants “kulaks”

8. Japan Overview: A resource poor nation Japan depended on imports of Western equipment and raw material (coal) for industrial purposes; paid with silk production. Isolation ended in 1853 with visit from Commodore Mathew Perry Treaty of Kanagawa

9. III. Japan: Transformation without Revolution B. The Challenge to Isolation Commander Matthew Perry 1853, Japanese ports forced to open Shogunate bureaucrats Open doors reluctantly Others want to end isolation Conservative daimyos for isolation Unrest 1868, shogunate defeated Meiji restoration Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji) Japanese Colonial Expansion to 1914

10. Meiji restoration Charter Oath – Japan new constitution 1868 Parliamentary constitution. The five articles of the Charter Oath were the following:constitution (1) “Deliberative assemblies shall be established on an extensive scale, and all governmental matters shall be determined by public discussion.” (2) “All classes, high and low, shall unite to carry out vigorously the plan of government.” (3) “All classes shall be permitted to fulfill their just aspirations so that there will be no discontent.” (4) “Evil customs of the past shall be discontinued, and new customs shall be based on the just laws of nature.” (5) “Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world in order to promote the welfare of the empire.”

11. Meiji Era – Literacy rate high (40% men; 15% women) -Dutch Studies in Nagasaki Industrial and political changes: 1.Abolish feudalism 2.Replaced daimyos with district administrators 3.Centralize rule by the Meiji 4.Abolish Samurai class 5.New army based on national conscription 6.Political reforms: Meiji leaders to travel abroad Formed Diet (dual parliamentary) with coequal powers House of Peer House of Representatives (kizokui)(Shugiin) Upper HouseLower House Emperor Meiji at Age 27

12. Economic /Industries 1.New govt. Banks provided capital for industries 2.State built railroads 3.Islands connected by steamers 4.Land reforms; clear ownership 5.Mines, shipyards, metallurgical plants 6.Hired western advisors 7.Expanded education (i.e. department of agriculture established at univeristy) -public schools created; curriculum emphasized science, math, along with loyalty to the national gvt. -western style of dress and fashion grew in popularity -Shinotism gained new ground because it stressed allegiance to the emperor.

13. RESULTS Capitalist Enterprise “Zaibatsu” (4 main zaibatsu) – Many former Samurai took advantage and benefitted 1.Takatoshi Mitsui (Sake/textile) 2.Iwasaki Mitsubishi (shipping/mining/ship building) 3.Masamoto Sumitomo (medicine; copper refinery) 4.Yasuda Zenjiro – Brokerage/shipping Yasuda Zenjiro

14. Sino Japanese War 1894-95 Issue: Influence over Korea Result: Treaty of Shimonoseki a.China recognized Korea’s independence b.China gave up Liadong Peninsula c.Japan gained Taiwan Russo-Japanese War – 1904-05 demonstrated Japan’s military strength with a modern military force (Imperial Japanese Navy of World War II was the second most powerful navy in the Pacific War in World War II; third largest navy in the world. During the first years of the war the Imperial Japanese Navy dominated the Western Pacific. The naval air service was one of the most potent air forces in the world before its destruction in World War II.)