1. Climatic Comfort Kate Ward ARCH 649 11.13.2003

2. What is the significance of climatic comfort in sacred buildings? Bet Giorgis Lalibela, Ethiopia One of 13 churches at Lalibela (the number varies from 10 to 13) Kailasa Temple Ellora, India One of 34 caves in Ellora

3. Ellora & Lalibela Kailasa TempleBet Giorgis FaithHinduChristian (Ethiopian Orthodox) FunctionTempleChurch FormCentralized form in courtyard Time750 A.D.1250 A.D. LocationEllora, IndiaLalibela, Ethiopia ClimateHot and humidHot and arid Building Technology Free-standing building dug from rock

4. Faith Kailasa Temple: Hindu Bet Giorgis: Christian

5. Faith: Kailasa Temple Pyramidal form of temple is meant to copy the form of Mount Kailash, the home of the Hindu god Shiva

6. Faith: Kailasa Temple In the early days of Buddhism, monks were beggars and itinerants. However, during the monsoon, they had to settle somewhere, so they made use of the natural shelter of caves. To pass the time, they began to decorate the rock walls. These caves eventually evolved into monasteries and temples. This was the beginning of the Ajanta caves, whose monks later abandoned Ajanta and moved to Ellora. The Hindu faith also uses underground temples/caves, as is evident at Ellora. The Buddhist caves were built first, then the Hindu caves, including the Kailasa Temple, and lastly the Jain caves.

7. Faith: Bet Giorgis Two stories:  King Lalibela’s brother, Harbay was jealous of Lalibela, and poisoned him. The king went into a 3 day “death,” where he visited the first, second and third heaven. God told him to return home to Roha (the capital city, later renamed Lalibela). While there, God also gave him the plans for the rock temples.  King Lalibela visited Jerusalem and wanted to build a new holy city. A river, named the Jordan River, divides the 13 churches into 2 groups, one representing earthly Jerusalem, the other heavenly Jerulsalem.  While the churches were being built, St. George (the national saint of Ethiopia) came by and wondered why there was no church in his name. A hoof print in the courtyard attests to this legend.

8. Function  House of a deity  Still used for festivals  House of a deity  Still used daily

9. Form

10. Form: Scale Building: 12 meters square, by 13 meters high Courtyard: 25 meters square Building: 50 meters deep, by 33 meters wide, by 30 meters high Courtyard: 84 meters deep, by 47 meters wide, by 33 meters high

11. Form: Kailasa Temple  Holy of Holies for the sacred statue  Above this, a many-storied tower  Dravidian style, characterized by: Octagonal tower “Massive pyramidal structures over the gateways connecting the successive courtyards that compose the temple precincts”  Flag pillars  Two story corridor surround on three sides  Niches and pavilions for sacred images  Enter from countryside through gateway

12. Form: Bet Giorgis  Cruciform floor plan following the Greek cross  Three entrances facing west  Side chapel  Triple-stepped platform  Nine blind lower-level windows  12 upper windows  Enter by long, narrow trench

13. Time  750 A.D.  Believed to take 7000 workers 150 years to complete  Believed to have been started by the Rashtrakuta king, Krishna I  1250 A.D.  Legend claims that the church was completed in 24 years  Believed to have been started by King Lalibela

14. History: Kailasa Temple The Ajanta caves were built before the Ellora caves. It is believed that the Ajanta caves were abandoned because they were too remote, and the monks moved to Ellora and began carving those caves.

15. History: Bet Giorgis The Aksum empire (Christian) was in decline, and its rulers retreated to higher lands. They defended themselves from others by using the mountains and valleys. However, they also cut themselves off from mainstream Christianity. Eventually the Aksum dynasty collapsed and the Zagwe dynasty appeared, of which King Lalibela was one. The city of Aksum also boasts some rock-hewn caverns, believed to be the predecessors of the churches at Lalibela. The inspiration for these was also believed to be divine.

16. Location

17. Location: Ellora & Ajanta

18. Loaction: Ellora & Ajanta Passages

19. Location: Kailasa Temple  Backed up to a cliff, the temple faces out onto the countryside  Faces west

20. Location: Lalibela

22. Location: Lalibela Passages

23. Location: Bet Giorgis  Mountain, with no face of the building easily viewable  Doorways face west for religious reasons

24. Location: Climate Kailasa Temple  Average tempurature: 110° (summer) 70° (winter)  Seasons: March – May: hot and dry June – Sept: hot and wet Oct – Nov: warm and dry Dec – Feb: cool and dry Bet Giorgis  Average tempurature: 61°  Seasons: March – April: hot and wet May: hot and dry June – Aug: cool and wet Sept – Feb: cool and dry Lalibela, Ethiopia has a more temperate climate than Ellora, India, but according to W. Köppen, both are hot and arid bordering on hot and humid.

25. Location: Climate

26. Building Technology  Monolithic structure, dug from volcanic rock  Freestanding from surrounding rock walls  First cut a rectilinear U- shaped trench level with surrounding countryside, then carved further from the top down  Monolithic structure, dug from volcanic rock  Freestanding from surrounding rock walls  First cut out trenches, leaving a square block, then carved both externally and internally from the top down

27. Building Technology: Kailasa Temple  Hot-arid Massive walls Few windows Some flat roofs (religious building style)  Hot-humid Scattered layout Large windows Some pitched roofs (religious building style)  Both Overhangs Depth into earth keeps space cools Combines elements of hot-arid climates and hot-humid climates

28. Building Technology: Kailasa Temple Scattered layout & massive walls Overhangs and large windows

29. Building Technology: Bet Giorgis Elements of hot-arid climate Massive walls Few, small, high windows Overhangs (shade from surrounding walls) Flat roof Depth into earth keeps space cools

30. Conclusion Kailasa Temple  Building type was originally used for both religious and climatic reasons  Hindu faith is individualistic, and requires that there are no distractions, including climatic discomfort  Roofs designed for religious reasons Bet Giorgis  Building type was originally used because of “divine inspiration”  Designed for protection from raiders and religious persecution  Also designed for the climate, but it is not religiously relevant that it does  Roofs designed for climatic reasons The excavated building type was originally developed for religious reasons. However, both climate and faith had a hand in developing the details of each building.

31. Bibliography Ajyanta, Eloora ( アジャンタ、エローラ ). 13 Nov. 2003. Ajanta & Ellora Caves, Ellora Temple, The Caves, Buddhist Caves, Hindu Caves, Cave Shrines, Cave Paintings, Jain Temple, Places To Visit, Caves In India. IndiaTravelInfo.com. 13 Nov. 2003. Arts de l'Inde: Art Gupta. 13 Nov. 2003 Bete Giorgis (Church of St. George), Lalibela Churches, Ethiopia | Brian's Page. 13 Nov. 2003. CHURCHES IN ROCK. 13 Nov. 2003. Churches of Lalibela - Lalibela, Ethiopia - Great Buildings Online. Great Buildings Online. 13 Nov. 2003. Davidson, Basil and The Editors of TIME-LIFE BOOKS. African Kingdoms. New York: TIME-LIFE BOOKS, 1966. Early Art in Ethiopia-Architecture. 13 Nov. 2003. “Eastern Africa.” New Encyclopaedia Britannica Macropedia. 15th Edition. 2003. The eight wonder of the World. Ethiopia Travel. 13 Nov. 2003. Ellora Caves,Ajanta & Ellora,Ajanta Ellora Caves,Cave Temples,Famous Caves of India. Culture Heritage Travel Tours. 13 Nov. 2003. Ethiopia - Lalibela. 13 Nov. 2003.

32. Bibliography (cont.) Ethiopian History. 13 Nov. 2003. Frysinger, Galen R. Lalibela, Ethiopia - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 13 Nov. 2003. Göhler, Lars. India Picture, Ihre Datenbank für Indienfotos. India-Picture. 13 Nov. 2003. Harle, J.C. The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. London: Penguin Books, 1990. “India.” New Encyclopaedia Britannica Macropedia. 15th Edition. 2003. Kailasa Temple - Ellora, Maharashtra, India - Great Buildings Online. Great Buildings Online. 13 Nov. 2003. Keeler, Dennis S. India Dec 2001. 13 Nov. 2003. “Lalibela.” New Encyclopaedia Britannica Micropaedia. 15th Edition. 2003. Lévi, Sylvain. “Preface.” Indian Temples. Odette Monod-Bruhl. London: Oxford University Press, 1952. Moxon, Mark. Mark Moxon: India: Map of India. 13 Nov. 2003. Olgyay, Victor. Design With Climate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973. Pilot Guides.com:The Labyrinth Stone Churches of Lalibela. Pilot Productions. 13 Nov. 2003. Robert, Rain. Rain and Elli: Trip to Nepal and India 2002. 13 Nov. 2003.

33. Bibliography (cont.) Rowland, Benjamin. The Art and Architecture of India Buddhist | Hindu | Jain. New York: Penguin Books, 1981. Ruther, Heinz, et al. “The Recording of Bet Giorgis, A 12th Century Rock-Hewn Church in Ethiopia.” Geographic Information Systems 26 Feb 2001. 13 Nov. 2003. STOCK PHOTOS- DAULATABAD CITADEL/KAILASA Temple Sculpture-INDIA;ROYALTY-FREE DIGITAL IMAGES. WWW.ANTHROARCHEART.ORG. 13 Nov. 2003. Tourism of India - Holiday Ideas. Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India. 13 Nov. 2003. World Mysteries - Mystic Places - Kailasa Temple. World-Mysteries.com. 13 Nov. 2003.