1. Gait Analysis

2. Nomenclature Gait cycle
1.stance phase (60%) : heel strike – foot flat – mid stance – push off
2.swing phase (40%) : acceleration – midswing -- deceleration 2

3. Step length：swing phase 的腳其往前進的距離。
Stride length：左、右兩邊的step length總和。
Cadence：步調，每分鐘的 steps 數目。
Gait velocity：步速 = (stride length) x cadence / 2

4. Stance phase
Stance phase 開始於 initial double-limb stance，此時 stance 這邊的 pelvis 轉向前方 + External hip rotation。 。
Hip : flexion在 foot-strike 時最大，而後慢慢伸直。
knee : 膝關節在一開始 foot strike 時幾乎是打直的，然後稍微彎曲到二十度。
Ankle plantarflexion : Dorsiflexor ( eccentric contraction )

5. Swing phase
Initial swing : Active hip flexion, knee flexion, ankle plantarflexion  neutral position
Termical swing : Active hip flexion, knee flexion extension, ankle keep neutral position

6. Atypical Gait pattern

7. Quadriceps weakness 1. DM, femoral nerve entrapment…. 2. Knee buckling
3. Compensation : ankle plantarflexion, hip extensor contraction

8. Peroneal neuropathy
1. Fibular head entrapment, sciatic nerve injury, sciatic nerve injury, L5 radiculopathy.
2. Muscle power of ankle dorsiflexors = 3/5 or 4/5 - foot slap ( initial contact )
3.Muscle power < 3/5 : toe drag or steppage gait pattern

9. Trendelenburg gait 1 gluteus medius weakness
2. Uncompensated & compensated trendelenburg gait

10. Stroke and hemiplegia
1. Stance phase : knee buckling, back knee, stiff knee.
2. Swing phase : 影響所有啟動 swing 的因子 pelvic elevation (hip-hiking), circumduction gait。

11. Ataxic gait Cerebellar or sensory deficient (proprioception)
Widely base ( > 2-4 inches )

12. Spastic diplegia due to cerebral palsy
1. poor motor control, spastic tone, bone growth, and joint and muscle contractures 。
2. Crouched gait.
3. Equinus gait
4. Stiff-legged knee
5. Scissoring gait

13. Parkinsonian gait Initiate walking : lean forward and festinate
Catch up abruptly
Short and shuffling step