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History of Classification Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria Aristotle (394-322 B.C.) Greek philosopher Classified.

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Presentation on theme: "History of Classification Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria Aristotle (394-322 B.C.) Greek philosopher Classified."— Presentation transcript:

1 History of Classification Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria Aristotle (394-322 B.C.) Greek philosopher Classified organisms as either plants or animals Believed species were distinct, separate and unchanging (limited his method)

2 Carolus Linnaeus (18 th century) Swedish naturalist – “father of classification” Based on morphology (body type), behavior and habitat System of taxonomy – concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species based on natural relationships Modern classification Includes evolutionary ideas as well as Linnaeus’ system of classification

3 Dichotomous Keys A way to identify or categorize objects Each step involves a choice between two characteristics Leads to a final “choice” which will identify the object

4 When making your own keep in mind to: Use characteristics that will not change (vary) Use measurements rather than terms like "large" and "small" Do not use seasonal or changeable characteristics Make the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not" If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word

5 Taxonomic Categories Domain – broadest grouping (3 major groups) Kingdom – (6 major groups) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – most specific grouping

6 Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Genus – a group of species which are closely related and share a common ancestor Family – a group of similar related genera who share certain characteristics

7 Order – contains related families Class – contains related orders Phylum – contains related classes Kingdom – contains related phyla

8 The Domains of Life Domain Bacteria Consists of kingdom eubacteria Prokaryotes (cells without a nucleus)

9 Domain Archaea Consists of kingdom archaeabacteria Prokaryotes which live in extreme environments

10 Domain Eukarya Consists of cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes) Kingdom protista, fungi, plantea and animalia

11 Kingdoms of Life For homework: Using your foldable, use your textbook to fill in the following information for each: Characteristics of the kingdom Examples of the kingdom Which domain does it belong to Cell type Cell wall composition Number of cells Method of nutrition Use textbook pages 499-503 and the reference handbook in the back of the text

12 Kingdom Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria) Characteristics: Round, spiral or rod-shaped Parasitic Can form colonies Cell Type: Prokaryote Cell wall with peptidoglycan Unicellular

13 Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (through absorption) Example: Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Treponema, Prochloron, Nostoc

14 Kingdom Archeabacteria (Domain Archea) Characteristics: Found in extremely harsh environments like hot springs, deep-sea thermal vents, swamps, and salt marshes Cell Type: Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular

15 Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (through absorption) Example: Methanopyrus,Halobacterium, Methanobaccillus, Mycoplasia

16 Kingdom Protista (Domain Eukarya) Characteristics: Free-living or parasitic Use pseudopods (false-feet), cilia or flagella to move Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell walls with cellulose Unicellular or multicellular

17 Autotrophs or heterotrophs Example: Paramecium, Amoeba, Diatom, Algae, Euglena

18 Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya) Characteristics: Have spores (used for reproduction) Can be parasitic Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell walls with chitin Multicellular Heterotrophic (through absorption) Example: Mushroom, Bread Mold, Yeast

19 Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya) Characteristics: Have spores or seeds (for reproduction) Live on land or in water Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell walls with cellulose Multicellular Autotrophs (photosynthetic) Example: Moss, Ferns, Palm Trees, Roses

20 Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya) Characteristics: Invertebrates and vertebrates Live on land, in water and in the air Simple to complex Cell Type: Eukaryote No cell walls Multicellular

21 Heterotrophs Example: Earthworm, Sponge, Hydra, Planaria, Leech, Butterfly, Sea Cucumber, Panther

22 Binomial Nomenclature Developed by Linnaeus Gives each species a scientific name consisting of two parts (genus & species) Latin Use of scientific name avoids the confusion created when using common names Ex. Star fish Ex. Sea cucumbers Ex. Red bird versus cardinals

23 Rules of naming: First letter of the genus name is CAPITALIZED Species name always LOWERCASE Should always be typed in ITALICS Should always be UNDERLINED when written by hand Genus name can be abbreviated to one letter AFTER it has been written fully once in the written work

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