1. Chapter 11 ALKANES

2. Alkanes Are hydrocarbons that contain only C-C single bonds General Formula: C n H 2n + 2 for compounds that contain only C and H atoms

3. Condensed vs Structural Formula Condensed Formula:Ex. CH 4 Structural Formula: shows all bonds Ex.H | H -C -H | H

4. IUPAC Nomenclature Rule 1. Choose the longest carbon chain. Designate it as the parent. Branches from parent are considered as substituents.

5. IUPAC Nomenclature Parent Chain: 1 C - methane6 C’s - hexane 2 C’s - ethane7 C’s - heptane 3 C’s - propane8 C’s - octane 4 C’s - butane9 C’s - nonane 5 C’s - pentane10 C’s - decane

6. IUPAC Nomenclature Substituent: (ends in -yl) 1 C - methyl6 C’s - hexyl 2 C’s - ethyl7 C’s - heptyl 3 C’s - propyl8 C’s - octyl 4 C’s - butyl9 C’s - nonyl 5 C’s - pentyl10 C’s - decyl

7. IUPAC Nomenclature Rule 2. Number the carbon in the parent chain starting from the end nearest the substituent. In short, substituents must have the lower numbers.

8. IUPAC Nomenclature Rule 3. Designate the location (position) and name of each alkyl group before the name of the parent chain. Ex. 2-methylpentane

9. IUPAC Nomenclature Rule 4. List the substituents in alphabetical order

10. IUPAC Nomenclature Use prefixes if there are more than 1 of a particular substituent. Mono-(1)Hexa-(6) Di-(2)Hepta-(7) Tri-(3)Octa-(8) Tetra-(4)Nona-(9) Penta-(5)Deca-(10)

11. Haloalkanes and Cycloalkanes Nomenclature for haloalkanes: Same as simple alkanes Nomenclature of cycloalkanes: Same as simple alkanes, however, add the term “cyclo” before parent name

12. Chemical Properties The greater the number of C atoms, the higher the boiling point.

13. Reactions 1. Combustion: Alkane + O 2 --> CO 2 + H 2 O + heat