1. Hydrocarbons Module 9: Hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatic Hydrocarbons

2. Bonding

3. Four bonds in Carbon 4 single bonds1 double bond and 2 single bonds 2 double bonds1 triple bond and 1 single bond C

4. Types of Hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons - contain only single bonds Example - alkanes Unsaturated hydrocarbons – contain double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms. Examples – alkenes, alkynes

5. Structural, Condensed, and Molecular Formulas for Simple Alkanes Carbon Backbone Structural Formula Condensed FormulaMolecular Formula - C - CH 4 C - C CH 3 -CH 3 C2H6C2H6 C - C - C CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3 C3H8C3H8 C - C - C - C CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 C 4 H 10 C - C - C - C - C CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 C 5 H 12

6. The Alkane Series # of Cname# of Cname 1methane6hexane 2ethane7heptane 3propane8octane 4butane9nonane 5pentane10decane

7. Three-dimensional structures methaneethane http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/pt/harvey/gcse/covalent.html

8. Structural isomers http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/pt/harvey/gcse/covalent.html butane 2-methylbutane

9. Nomenclature of Alkanes Alkyl Groups methylethylpropylisopropyl -CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 CH 3 -CH-CH 3 Alkyl groups

10. Nomenclature of Alkanes Alkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain or parent chain. To name an alkane, the parent chain must be located first. If there Is branching then the chain is numbered so that the branch (or branches) get the lowest possible number.

11. Nomenclature of Alkanes Example: Name the following compound.

12. Nomenclature of Alkanes Example: Name the following compound. The longest continuous chain consists of 5 carbon atoms, therefore the parent chain is pentane and the branch is attached to the second carbon in the chain.

13. Nomenclature of Alkanes Example: Name the following compound. 2 – methylpentane

14. Haloalkanes or alkyl halides fluoro = -F chloro = -Cl bromo = -Br iodo = -I When a halogen is present in a compound, it is called a halogenated hydrocarbon

15. Haloalkanes or alkyl halides Example :

16. Haloalkanes or alkyl halides Example : Parent chain Side chains

17. Haloalkanes or alkyl halides Example : Parent chain decane Side chains

18. Haloalkanes or alkyl halides Example : Parent chain decane Side chains Propyl group Iodo group

19. Haloalkanes or alkyl halides Example : Parent chain decane Side chains Propyl group Iodo group 5-iodo-5-propyldecane

20. Cycloalkanes Carbon skeleton Structural Formula Geometric Formula Molecular Formula CYCLOPROPANEFor cyclic compounds, each corner represents a carbon atom and hydrogens are not shown. C3H6C3H6 CYCLOBUTANE C4H8C4H8 CYCLOPENTANE C 5 H 10

21. Nomenclature of cycloalkanes Example: Name the following cycloalkane.

22. Nomenclature of cycloalkanes Example: Name the following cycloalkane. Ethyl comes before methyl alphabetically

23. Nomenclature of cycloalkanes Example: Name the following cycloalkane. Ethyl comes before methyl alphabetically The numbering results in the lowest branch locations (1,2,4) rather than 1,3,4)

24. Nomenclature of cycloalkanes Example: Name the following cycloalkane. Ethyl comes before methyl alphabetically The numbering results in the lowest branch locations (1,2,4) rather than 1,3,4)

25. Nomenclature of cycloalkanes Example: Name the following cycloalkane. 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane Ethyl comes before methyl alphabetically The numbering results in the lowest branch locations (1,2,4) rather than 1,3,4)

26. Reactions of Alkanes C x H y + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O Combustion of Hydrocarbons

27. Reactions of Alkanes Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Halides

28. Nomenclature of Alkenes Example: Name the following alkene.

29. Nomenclature of Alkenes Find the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the double bond Example: Name the following alkene.

30. Nomenclature of Alkenes Find the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the double bond An ethyl group is attached to carbon 2. Example: Name the following alkene.

31. Nomenclature of Alkenes Find the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the double bond An ethyl group is attached to carbon 2. 2-ethyl-1-butene Example: Name the following alkene.

32. Cis-trans Isomerism of Alkenes

33. No cis-trans isomers occur if either carbon atom in the double bond is attached to identical groups or atoms.

34. Nomenclature of Cycloalkenes Example: Name the following cycloalkene.

35. Nomenclature of Cycloalkenes The double bond must be in positions 1 and 2. Example: Name the following cycloalkene.

36. Nomenclature of Cycloalkenes The double bond must be in positions 1 and 2. The numbering is placed so that the branches have the lowest possible numbers. Example: Name the following cycloalkene.

37. Nomenclature of Cycloalkenes The double bond must be in positions 1 and 2. The numbering is placed so that the branches have the lowest possible numbers. 3,3,4-trimethylcyclopentene Example: Name the following cycloalkene.

38. General Reaction for Alkenes Hydrogenation Halogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration

39. Hydrogenation of Alkenes Addition of hydrogen

40. Halogenation of Alkenes Addition of halogen (usually Cl 2 and Br 2

41. Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes Addition of hydrohalogen, such as: HF, HCl, HBr and HI

42. Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes Markovnikov's Rule states that the H is added to the carbon that has the most H's

43. Hydration of Alkenes Addition of water (H-OH)

44. Hydration of Alkenes Markovnikov addition

45. Nomenclature of Alkynes The rules are basically the same as those for naming alkenes; however, the parent chain name is changed to end in "yne".

46. Nomenclature of Alkynes Find the longest chain that contains the triple bond. heptyne

47. Nomenclature of Alkynes Number from the end of the chain that gives the triple bond the lower numbers.

48. Nomenclature of Alkynes Then identify and name the side chains (branches) methyl group

49. Nomenclature of Alkynes 4-methyl-2-heptyne

50. Hydrogenation Reaction of Alkynes

51. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Most aromatic hydrocarbons are derivatives of benzene

52. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Most aromatic hydrocarbons are derivatives of benzene Examples:

53. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Most aromatic hydrocarbons are derivatives of benzene Examples:

54. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Most aromatic hydrocarbons are derivatives of benzene Examples:

55. Hydrocarbons THE END