2. Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen

3. Alkanes contain only single bonds Alkenes contain at least one double bond Alkynes contain at least one triple bond

4. Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen Alkanes contain only single bonds Alkenes contain at least one double bond Alkynes contain at least one triple bond General Formulas: Alkanes = C n H 2n+2 Alkenes = C n H 2n Alkynes = C n H 2n-2

5. Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:

6. Two part names: Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne

7. Hydrocarbons Nomenclature: Two part names: Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne Memorize these prefixes, in order: 1 – Meth 2 – Eth 3 – Prop 4 – But 5 – Pent 6 – Hex 7 – Hept 8 – Oct 9 – Non 10 – Dec

8. Meth + ane, ene, yne Methane: Methene: does not exist Methyne: does not exist

9. Eth + ane, ene, yne Ethane: Ethene: Ethyne:

10. Prop + ane, ene, yne Propane: Propene: Propyne:

11. But + ane, ene, yne Butane: Butene: Butyne:

12. Pent + ane, ene, yne Pentane: Pentene: Pentyne:

13. Hex + ane, ene, yne Hexane: Hexene: Hexyne:

14. Hept + ane, ene, yne Heptane: Heptene: Heptyne:

15. Oct + ane, ene, yne Octane: Octene: Octyne:

16. Non + ane, ene, yne Nonane: Nonene: Nonyne:

17. Dec + ane, ene, yne Decane: Decene: Decyne:

18. Functional Groups: Common groups of elements added to hydrocarbons that change their chemistry Can be added on the end or interior Names are changed to reflect the functional group(s)

19. Cyclo-hydrocarbons Carbons are in a ring lowers expected C:H ratio by 2 hydrogens Cyclohexane:Cyclohexene: 1, 3, 5 cyclohexene : Or benzene or phenyl

20. Alcohols: have a hydroxide functional group Usually on the end, but doesn’t have to be Name ends in “ol” Ethanol:

21. Amines: contain nitrogen inside or on the end of the carbon chain N can form up to 3 bonds, so either there is 1 chain and 2 H, 2 chains and 1 H, or 3 chains The suffix “amine” is added If there chains, the nitrogen is counted as being attached to the longest chain, and an italic N is used to show the shorter chains are attached to the nitrogen If the N is inside a single chain, an infixed number is used

22. Methanamine: Butan-2-amine: N-methylethanamine:

23. Carboxylic acids: an end carbon is double bonded to O and to hydroxide The carbonyl carbon counts as part of the chain The suffix “ioc acid” is added Can have one on each end of a chain, but naming that is beyond the scope of AP (especially if there are several branches) Ethanioc Acid: (Acetic Acid)