1. Taurine - The stimulant in the 'energy drink' Red Bull

2.  Remember:  Molecules are substances that are covalently bonded together.  They contain a nonmetal bonded to a nonmetal.  How can you tell the difference between a polyatomic ion and a molecule?  Poly-ions have a charge when not bonded to a metal – ex. (PO 4 ) 3- or K 3 PO 4  Molecules contain only nonmetals and NO overall charge – ex. P 2 O 3

3.  FIRST WORD:  NAME OF ELEMENT THAT APPEARS FIRST IN FORMULA  PREFIX TO SHOW # ATOMS IF “ONE/MONO”– NO PREFIX  SECOND WORD:  PREFIX TO SHOW # ATOMS  “STEM” OF SECOND ELEMENT  END IN “IDE”

4. 1 mono-6 hexa- 2 di-7 hepta- 3 tri-8 octa- 4 tetra-9 nona- 5 penta-10 deca- In order to be effective in naming molecules, these prefixes must be committed to memory:

5.  PCl3  Phosphorous trichloride  Cl2O7  Dichlorine heptoxide  CO  Carbon monoxide

6.  Nitrogen dioxide  NO 2  Sulfur hexafluoride  SF 6  Tetraiodine nonoxide  I4O9

7. EX: SO 3 is ____________________ Sulfur trioxide PBr 5 is ____________________ Phosphorus pentabromide ICl 3 is _____________________ Iodine trichloride H 2 0 is _____________________ Dihydrogen monoxide

8. Now… let’s look at writing the molecular formula from the name.  When writing the formula of a molecule, an atom’s prefix is its subscript.  Do not cross anything.  When there is only one of the first atom, a prefix is not used. Let’s view some examples…

9. Example #1- Names to Formulas Sulfur trioxide S O 3 2. Write number of atoms 1. Write symbols of elements Final Formula If no prefix, then 1 is implied and not written

10. Example #2- Names to Formulas dichlorine heptoxide Cl O 2 7 2. Write number of atoms 1. Write symbols of elements Final Formula

11. Example #3- Names to Formulas phosphorus pentachloride P Cl 5 2. Write number of atoms 1. Write symbols of elements Final Formula If no prefix, then 1 is implied and not written

12. Example #4- Names to Formulas di nitrogen monoxide N O 2 2. Write number of atoms 1. Write symbols of elements Final Formula If no prefix, then 1 is implied and not written

13. Example #5- Names to Formulas carbon monoxide C O 2. Write number of atoms 1. Write symbols of elements Final Formula If no prefix, then 1 is implied and not written

14. Example #6- Names to Formulas dinitrogen trisulfide N S 2 3 2. Write number of atoms 1. Write symbols of elements Final Formula

15.  ANOL  BUTANOL  MORONIC ACID  CRAPINON

16. Exactly four water molecules and one hydrogen chloride molecule are necessary to form the smallest droplet of acid

17.  Acids are molecular compounds that contain hydrogen bonded to a nonmetal or to a group of polyatomic ions.  Acids can be either binary or ternary compounds.  Names of binary acids have the form hydro-…ic acid.  Names of ternary acids use a series of prefixes and suffixes to specify the # of oxygen atoms in the molecule. hydrochloric acid

18. Names of binary acids have the form hydro-…ic acid EX: Binary acid: HF is hydrofluoric acid HCl is hydrochloric acid Try: H 2 S i s _____________________ Hydrosulfuric acid HI is _____________________ Hydroiodic acid HBr is _____________________ Hydrobromic acid

19.  When naming ternary acids, identify polyatomic ion in the formula.  For polyions that end in “ate” change the ending to “ic”. (Something I “ate” made me feel “ic”.)  For polyions that end in “ite” change the ending to “ous”. (A snake b“ite” is poison“ous”) EX: nitrate  nitric nitrite  nitrous sulfite  sulfous sulfate  sulfic

20.  Some ternary acids have more than one oxygen possibility.  When naming ternary acids from polyions that have up to four oxygen possibilities: per-… -icgreatest # of oxygen atoms. -ic greater -ous smaller hypo-… -ous smallest # of oxygen atoms. *Know all forms of ClO 3 -1 and IO 3 -1

21. Polyion Acid FormulaAcid Name ClO 4 -1 HClO 4 perchloric acid ClO 3 -1 HClO 3 chloric acid ClO 2 -1 HClO 2 chlorous acid ClO -1 HClO hypochlorous acid  Name: HIO Hypoiodous acid HIO 2 Iodous acid HIO 3 Iodic acid HIO 4 Periodic acid

22. EX: HCl is ____________________ Hydrochloric acid H 2 SO 4 is ____________________ Sulfuric acid H 3 PO 4 is _____________________ Phosphoric acid HF is _____________________ Hydroflouric acid HNO 3 is _____________________ Nitric acid HNO 2 is _____________________ Nitrous acid

23.  Acids are molecules that are covalently bonded yet they have properties of ionic compounds so use rules for creating neutral ionic compounds.  Formulas for acids begin with Hydrogen. The oxidation state for hydrogen is +1.  Identify if the acid is binary or ternary. If the acid is binary, it will have a “hydro” prefix, all others will be ternary.

24.  Write H +1  Identify the monotomic anion by its root name in the acid.  Determine its charge by following the oxidation trend for the groups.  Write the element symbol and its negative oxidation.  Criss Cross charges to create neutral acid formulas.

25. EX: hydrosulfuric acid H +1 S -2 H 2 S Now Try: hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid hydrophosphoric acid hydrofluoric acid H + + Cl - = HCl H + + Br - = HBr H + + P -3 = H 3 P H + + F - = HF

26.  Write H +1  Identify polyion by: 1. ic  ate and ous  ite suffixes 2. prefixes of per and hypo to indicate numbers of oxygen atoms for chlorates and iodates.  Write formula of polyion including oxidation.  Criss Cross charges for neutral formula.

27. EX: sulfuric acid H +1 SO 4 -2 H 2 SO 4 Now try: phosphoric acidnitric acid (ate to ic) H + + PO 4 -3 = H 3 PO 4 (ate to ic) H + + NO 3 - = HNO 3 nitrous acidsulfurous acid (ite to ous) H + + NO 2 - = HNO 2 (ite to ous) H + + SO 3 -2 = H 2 SO 3 perchloric acidhypoiodous acid (ate to ic) H + + ClO 4 - = HClO 4 H + + IO - = HIO acetic acid (ate to ic) H + + C 2 H 3 O 2 - = HC 2 H 3 O 2

29.  1. Ionic Compounds  Binary Ionic Compounds  Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Oxidation #s must add to zero (criss cross) Some elements have more than one oxidation # Metal & Non-metal  2. Molecular Compounds  Binary Molecular Compounds Non-metal & non-metal Use prefixes

30.  3. Acids  Binary Acids  Acids with Polyatomic Ions Hydrogen in front of elements Oxidation #s must add to zero (criss cross)  4. NAMING COMPOUNDS Hint … identify the first element… if it is…  METAL – know it is an IONIC COMPOUND (think oxidation# & criss cross)  NON-METAL – know it is a MOLECULAR COMPOUND ( think prefixes)  HYDROGEN – know it is an ACID (think oxidation# & criss cross… or ate/ic & ite/ous)