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Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization

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1 Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization
Zoology Chapter 7 Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization

2 Common names Problem with common names
Crawdads, crayfish, or crawfish? English sparrow, barn sparrow, or a house sparrow? Problem with common names Vary from region to region Common names often does not specify particular species

3 Binomial system of Nomenclature
Brings order to a chaotic world of common names Universal Clearly indicates the level of classification No two kinds of animals have the same binomial name Every animal has one correct name International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

4 Binomial nomenclature rules
Genus begins with a Capital letter Entire name italicized or underlined Homo sapien or H. sapien

5 Kingdom of Life 1969 R. Whittaker- five kingdom classification
System of classification that distinguished b/w kingdoms according to cellular organization mode of nutrition (Heterotroph or Autotroph)

6 Kingdom Monera bacteria and cyanobacteria that are prokaryotic

7 Kingdom Protista single or colonies of eukaryotic cells
Amoeba and Paramecium, for example

8 Kingdom Plantae eukaryotic, multicellular, and photosynthetic.
Have cell wall, and usually non-motile

9 Kingdom Fungi eukaryotic and multicellular.
Have cell wall and non-motile. Mode of nutrition distinguishes fungi from plant- fungi digest extra-cellularly and absorb the breakdown products

10 Kingdom Animalia eukaryotic and multicellular
usually feed by ingesting other organisms cell lack cell walls usually motile (at least during some part of life cycle)

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12 Challenge of the five class system
Ribosomal RNA excellent for studying evolution rRNA changes very slow (evolutionary conservation) Closely related organisms have similar rRNAs Comparison of rRNA of different organisms concludes All life shares a common ancestor Three major evolutionary lineage (domains) and supersedes the kingdom as the broadest taxonomic grouping

13 The Three Domains Archaea- prokaryotic microbes live in extreme environments that reflect the conditions of early life the most primitive life form gave rise to the two other domains Eubacteria- true bacteria and are prokaryotic microorganisms Eukarya- include all eukaryotic organisms, (protists, fungi, plants and animals)

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15 Text devoted to animals
Except for Chapter 8 Animal like protists (Amoeba and Paramecium) The inclusion of protozoa is part of a tradition Once considered a phylum (Protozoa) in the animal kingdom

16 Patterns of Organization
Symmetry: Has a pattern to the body plan Asymmetry: no pattern to body plan Draw examples of each in your notes: Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry

17 Assymetry

18 Radial Symmetry

19 Bilateral Symmetry Anterior= head end Posterior= tail end
Divided along sagittal plane into two mirror images Divided into right and left halves Anterior= head end Posterior= tail end Dorsal= back side Ventral= belly side

20 Bilateral Symmetry Adaptation
Important evolutionary advancement Important for active, directed movement Anterior, posterior ends One side of body kept up (dorsal) vs. down (ventral)

21 Cephalization Directed movement evolved with anterior sense organs is called cephalization Cephalization specialization of sense organs in head end of animals

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