1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 25 Money and Inflation

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-2 Money and Inflation: Evidence Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon Whenever a country’s inflation rate is extremely high for a sustained period of time, its rate of money supply growth is also extremely high Reduced-form evidence

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-3 FIGURE 6 Chapter 1 Money Growth (M2 Annual Rate) and Interest Rates (Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds), 1950–2008 Sources: Federal Reserve Bulletin, p. A4, Table 1.10; www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/hist/h6hist1.txt.

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-4 FIGURE 1 Money Supply and Price Level in the German Hyperinflation Source: Frank D. Graham, Exchange, Prices and Production in Hyperinflation: Germany, 1920–25 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1930), pp. 105–106.

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-5

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-6 Views of Inflation Money Growth –High money growth produces high inflation Fiscal Policy –Persistent high inflation cannot be driven by fiscal policy alone Supply Shocks –Supply-side phenomena cannot be the source of persistent high inflation Conclusion: always a monetary phenomenon

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-7 FIGURE 2 Response to a Continually Growing Money Supply

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-8 FIGURE 3 Response to a One-Shot Permanent Increase in Government Expenditure

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-9 FIGURE 4 Response to a Supply Shock

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-10 Origins of Inflationary Monetary Policy High employment target –Cost-push inflation Cannot occur without monetary authorities pursuing an accommodating policy –Demand-pull inflation

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-11 FIGURE 5 Cost-Push Inflation with an Activist Policy to Promote High Employment

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-12 FIGURE 6 Demand-Pull Inflation: The Consequence of Setting Too Low an Unemployment Target

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-13 Origins of Inflationary Monetary Policy (cont’d) Budget deficits –Can be the source only if the deficit is persistent and is financed by creating money rather than by issuing bonds Two underlying reasons –Adherence of policymakers to a high employment target –Presence of persistent government budget deficits

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-14 FIGURE 7 Interest Rates and the Government Budget Deficit

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-15 FIGURE 8 Inflation and Money Growth, 1960–2008 Source: Economic Report of the President; www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/hist/h6hist1.txt.

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-16 FIGURE 9 Government Debt-to- GDP Ratio, 1960–2008 Source: Economic Report of the President.

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-17 FIGURE 10 Unemployment and the Natural Rate of Unemployment, 1960–2008 Sources: Economic Report of the President and Congressional Budget Office.

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-18 The Discretionary/Nondiscretionary Policy Debate Advocates of discretionary policy regard the self-correcting mechanism as slow Policy lags slow activist policy –Data lag –Recognition lag –Legislative lag –Implementation lag –Effectiveness lag

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-19 FIGURE 11 The Choice Between Discretionary and Nondiscretionary Policy

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-20 The Discretionary/Nondiscretionary Policy Debate (cont’d) Advocates of nondiscretionary policy believe government should not get involved –Discretionary policy produces volatility in both the price level and output

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 25-21 Expectations and the Discretionary/Nondiscretionary Debate If expectations about policy matter, discretionary policy with high employment targets may lead to inflation Nondiscretionary policy may prevent inflation and discourage leftward shifts in short-run aggregate supply that lead to excessive unemployment –Must be credible Constant-money-growth-rate rule