Standardized Child Passenger Safety Training Program Winter 2004

Standardized Child Passenger Safety Training Program Winter 2004
Child Passenger Safety in Other Vehicles/Modes of Transportation Child Passenger Safety in Other Vehicles/Modes of Transportation Chapter Length of time: 25 minutes Pre Workshop Activities: Review and be familiar with report titled “School Bus Safety: Safe Passage for America’s Children, and Head Start Transportation Regulations. Material Needed for Chapter: Samples of harnesses and vests Hands On Activities: Total Time 60 Minutes Worksheet: Identifying the Appropriate Child Restraint for Other Vehicles Items Included in Appendix: Guidelines for Safe Transportation of Preschool Age Children in School Buses Guidelines for School Bus Safety: Safe Passage For America’s Children Buckling Up Preschoolers on School Buses, Special Report, July 2003 Do’s and Don’ts of Transporting children in an Ambulance Crash Protection for Children in Ambulances Test Questions: Yes Words that should not be changed: Multi-Function School Activity Bus, Compartmentalization, and Non-Conforming vans._______________ Changed title: added /Modes of Transportation Added pictures of the emergency vehicles and the plane. Deleted: It is important for a CPS specialist to be informed about child passenger safety issues related to pickup trucks, school buses and school vehicles, Head Start transportation, airplane travel, and other transportation services.

Course Objectives Identify how the design of vehicles affects the correct selection and use of child restraints Identify appropriate child restraints by vehicle type (pickup trucks, school buses/school vehicles, emergency vehicles, airplanes) Explain current recommendations for use of CRS in other vehicles Student Notes: Instructor Notes: Outline chapter content. A CPS technician must be informed about the vehicle design issues that impact the correct use of CSS in pickup trucks, school buses, airplane travel, child care/Head Start, and other transportation services. ________________________________________________ Previously Added: Changed all objectives from slide 2 and 3 – merged onto one slide Identify vehicle design factors that effect the correct selection and use of child restraints Explain the FMVSS standards required for occupant protection in school buses Identify child restraints appropriate for use by vehicle type (pickup trucks, school buses/school vehicles, airplanes, emergency vehicles) Identify safe seating choices for children in other vehicles Understand current regulations and recommendations for other vehicles Removed: Describe and analyze the safety issues related to pickup trucks and cargo areas Describe how school bus occupant safety issues differ from passenger vehicle’s Analyze transportation safety issues related to paid contractors List and discuss the current FAA regulations and recommendations regarding CPS Describe special features of occupant protection in emergency vehicles Other Vehicles - 2

Pickup Trucks Picture of car seat showing 80% on vehicle seat
Some have air bag on/off switch Seating limitations Often no rear vehicle seat Limited interior space 80% of the CRS must be on vehicle seat Jump Seats Side-facing seats not safe for child restraints Cargo areas are for cargo Air Bag On/Off switch Never place a rear facing CRS in front of an active passenger side airbag Student Notes: Pick-up trucks are very popular modes of transportation for families. The occupant restraint standards are the same as passenger cars. Some regular cab and extended cab pickup trucks with frontal passenger side airbags come factory- equipped with an On/Off switch for the frontal passenger side airbag. Seating positions in pickup trucks vary. They may have no rear seat, or the rear seat may be narrow with limited interior space. Some newer pickup trucks may have 4 doors and a full back seat. Child restraints are crash tested on forward facing vehicle seats and cannot be secured on a side facing jump seat. The limited space on the rear bench seat may not allow enough space between the front and rear seats to achieve the correct recline angle for a rear facing car seat or there may not be enough room to allow for head excursion for forward facing seats. A CRS must have 80% of the base supported by the vehicle seat with a maximum of a 20% “hang over” the front edge of the vehicle seat. Cargo areas are not designed for passenger seating. Children can be ejected or easily fall from cargo areas resulting in serious or fatal head and spinal cord injuries. There is also the potential for carbon monoxide poisoning. Many States have enacted legislation restricting the use of cargo areas for passengers. To safely transport children in a pickup truck, the caregiver needs to do one or more of the following: select a CRS that will fit within the space limitations, install and/or use an Airbag On/Off switch if no/ small rear seating position available, and/or use another vehicle if the child cannot be correctly secured in the pickup truck. A list of states restricting riding in cargo areas of pickup trucks can be found at Instructor Notes: The On/Off airbag switch allows drivers to transport a child in a rear facing infant seat when the switch is turned off. The switch must be turned on again for adult occupants. In small pickup trucks, the front seat may not allow the car seat to be installed following manufacturer’s instructions. Neither open nor covered cargo areas are safe for passengers. Federal standards require that occupant compartments of vehicles be designed to protect occupants during a crash. The beds of pickup trucks are designed to carry cargo, not people, and are not designed to provide protection in a crash. In addition, children and adults can be easily ejected from cargo areas at relatively slow speeds as a result of a sharp turn to avoid an obstacle or crash. A list of states restricting riding in cargo areas of pickup trucks can be found at Kids are not cargo __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Added: Seating Limitations No rear seat CRS only crash tested on forward facing vehicle seats 80% of CRS must be on vehicle seat Cargo areas are not designed for passenger use Air Bag On/Off switch Never place a rear facing CRS in the front seat with an active passenger side airbag Removed: Cargo Areas in Title Many conflicts with CPS (e.g., side-facing jump seats) Removed Slide 5 and 6 – Merged content onto current slide Needs new picture of pick-up Deleted: As of 4/2006, 30 states and the District of Columbia have enacted some form of legislation restricting riders in beds of pickup trucks. A Washington State study found a fatality risk of 10.4 times higher for persons riding in cargo areas than the risk to the general population of people involved in collisions. Picture of car seat showing 80% on vehicle seat Other Vehicles - 4

School Bus Safety Issues
Statistically safest transportation Larger & heavier Lower risk travel Conspicuous Meets stringent FMVSSs Occupant protection: Compartmentalization Safety belts required on small buses LATCH required in two seating positions on buses under 10,000 lbs. Student Notes: School Bus Facts: 450,000 school buses nationwide 4.3 billion miles traveled every year 8.5 billion student trips 23.5 million students every year School bus transportation is statistically the safest form of ground transportation. School buses are nearly 8 times safer than passenger vehicles. The fatality rate for school buses is only .2%. An average of 26 school-age children die in school transportation-related traffic crashes each year – 7 as school bus passengers and 19 as pedestrians around the bus. Getting to and from the bus is far more dangerous than riding the bus. The 10 foot danger zone (5 giant steps) around the perimeter of the entire bus must be taught to children regardless whether they are bus riders. Buses are larger and heavier than most other vehicles. The crash forces are distributed throughout the vehicle differently and are also experienced by the occupants differently. School buses are conspicuous and most travel time occurs during daylight hours on familiar roadways. School buses must meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards that are more stringent than those of other vehicles. Passenger seating and crash protection, known as compartmentalization is required on school buses. Before adding seat belts on large school buses, contact the bus manufacturer to determine if seat belts can be retrofitted or whether integrated seats can be installed. Small buses, less than 10,000 pounds require safety belts in addition to compartmentalization. Lower LATCH anchors are also required in at least 2 seating positions (but tether anchors are not required in school buses). Resources for bus transportation: Instructor Notes: School buses also provide a high level of safety through the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) established to regulate the construction of the vehicles. See appendix for list of FMVSS required on buses. LATCH is required for two seating positions in small buses manufactured after 9/2002 and is optional for all seating positions in small and large buses. _________________________________________________________________________ Added text and changed picture with video clip – merged slides 7 and 8 Occupant protection: Compartmentalization Safety belts required on small buses LATCH required in two seating positions on buses under 10,000 lbs. Deleted: Federal regulations require the installation of occupant restraints in motor vehicles based on the vehicle type and size. Large (10,000 lbs.) school buses are heavier, experience less crash forces, and distribute crash forces differently than do passenger cars, light trucks, and vans. Because of this, the crash forces experienced by passengers of large school buses are typically much less than the forces experienced by occupants in cars, light trucks, and vans. School buses are conspicuous, so other drivers are aware of them, which also helps to reduce the risk of incident. Other Vehicles - 8

School Bus Safety Issues
Student Notes: Compartmentalization is a passive occupant protection system. Seats on school buses must have flexible, energy absorbent, high seat backs (about 24 inches from the lower cushion). Seats on school buses are narrowly spaced. NHTSA recommends the maximum seat spacing allowed be used when CRS will be installed on the bus seats. This combination of energy absorbent seat backs and narrow spacing creates a compartment within which each occupant is confined in a crash. This is called compartmentalization, a passive occupant protection system using the concept of “eggs in a carton”. Instructor Notes: Current school bus occupant protection regulations are based on the concept called compartmentalization. Compartmentalization works for passengers that remain in the seating compartment but not in the intrusion area during a crash. School bus seats made since April 1, 1977 meet the compartmentalization requirement. For more information on NTSB recommendations for school buses, go to ________________________________ Deleted: The seats are strong, closely spaced together, high backed, well padded, and designed to absorb energy and to deform to dissipate the energy of the crash away from the passenger and into the surrounding compartment during a crash. This concept evolved from both crash testing research and Federal rulemaking by NHTSA. School Buses under 10,000 pounds also require the use of a seat belt. In September, 1999, the National Transportation Safety Board released the results of its Bus Crashworthiness Special Investigation. The report addresses the areas of concern such as: passenger safety on school buses and motor coaches, and occupant fatalities, injuries, and ejections in crashes. Other Vehicles - 9

NHTSA School Bus Safety Recommendations
Guidelines for Safe Transportation of Pre-School Age Children in School Buses Recent NHTSA testing re: transport of preschoolers in CRS Easiest to use small buses with belts Integrated CRS seats available Retrofit lap belts only as manufacturers recommend Student Notes: NHTSA recommendations regarding occupant protection for infants and preschool age children on buses are as follows: NHTSA testing has indicated preschool age children should be correctly restrained in CR meeting FMVSS 213 when riding on a school bus. Consider purchasing buses with CR integrated seats or replace existing school bus seats with new seats containing integrated CRs, if allowed by the manufacturer. Order new buses with some seats equipped with safety belts or LATCH, if preschool age children will be transported on the school buses. Lap belts on buses can sometimes be incompatible with CRs. When ordering seat belts to be used with CR, order two sets of seat belts for a bus seat with the non-adjustable buckle end extending no more 1-2 inches from the bight of the seat. Belt positioning boosters cannot be used on a school bus with a lap belt only. NHTSA recommends retrofitting safety belts on existing school bus seats only when following manufacturer’s instructions. Tethers are not used on school buses. One exception involves certain special needs CRs that require the use of a tether. When use of a tether is required, use the buckle of the safety belt in the seat behind the CR as the anchor point. Always check the CRS manufacturer’s instructions. See Guideline For the Safe Transportation of Pre-School Age Children in School Buses Instructor Notes: Refer to “Guidelines for Safe Transportation of Preschool Age Children in School Buses”, “School Bus Safety: Safe Passage For America’s Children”, and “Buckling Up Preschoolers on School Buses, Special Report, July 2003” in the Appendix. Also see the AAP Policy statement, “School Transportation Safety” at Some new buses can be ordered with lap and shoulder belts. School Buses can also be ordered with LATCH. Anytime a retrofit is performed, it is critical that only parts provided by the manufacturer are used and the manufacturer’s instructions are followed in order to stay in compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. ________________________________________________________________________ Added picture of seat belt - Deleted Slide 11 Deleted: Lap belts on buses can sometimes be incompatible with CRSs – buckle, anchor, or stalk configurations may interfere with installations. Other Vehicles - 10

School Bus Child Restraint Options
Student Notes: There are basically three options for children who require restraint on a school bus: Integrated CRs Child Restraint Systems Harnesses and Vests Safety vests are an option for children 20 pounds and more when other child restraint safety systems will not work. Make sure that the safety vest used has been crash tested for the size child it is being selected to secure. Although they differ in appearance, safety vests are included in FMVSS 213. Safety vests used on school bus seats use a “cam wrap” which wraps all the way around the seat back. A “cam wrap” cannot be used on other vehicles. Safety vests for children under 65 pounds are now required to be equipped with a crotch strap to prevent “submarining”. Crotch straps can be retrofitted for previously purchased vests. These requirements apply to all Head Start and Early Head Start programs, except the home based option. Height and weight appropriate child restraint systems are required for all children 50 pounds or less. (effective 1/20/04 – extension provided) School bus or allowable alternate vehicle must be used. (effective 1/18/06 – extension provided) At least one bus monitor required on board at all times. (effective 1/20/04 – extension provided) Instructors Notes: Integrated Child Safety Seats Child Safety Seats Harnesses and Vests – Most use a cam wrap system to install. Safety vests can be used on non-reinforced (non-210) school bus vehicle seats. When safety vests are used on a 210 reinforced bus seat with a lap belt, the safety vest should be secured at the hips with the seat belt as instructed by the manufacturer. Crotch straps must be used for children less than 65 pounds. KidCam Harness is used with Cam Wrap Technology and a 5 point harness to secure up to 3 passengers on a standard or high back bus seat. The KidCam Harness requires a lap belt. This harness can be used from lbs. The KidCam Harness is used with the Ride Ryte Booster without the crotch straps. A bus monitor assists the driver in assuring the safety of the children while they ride, board, or exit the vehicle and during emergencies. For more information on the Head Start Transportation Regulations, go to Need picture of conventional css

Passengers Behind Seat Mounts Must Be Restrained
Student notes: CAM Wraps can only be used on school bus seats. When using a vest with a CAM Wrap, the occupant seated in the row behind must be restrained or the seat must remain empty. Instructor Notes: Vests produced as of February 2003 include a warning label telling users that the vest must be used only on school bus seats, and that the entire seat directly behind the child wearing the seat-mounted vest must be either unoccupied or occupied by passengers restrained in a seat belt or other child restraint. Tag required by NHTSA on all new cam wraps.

Children With Special Health Care Needs
Individual Education Plan (IEP) Details pertaining to safe transportation of the child should be included National Standards for School Transportation School bus drivers need special training specific to transporting special needs students Special needs occupant restraint systems Appropriate selection Conventional CRS may accommodate a child with special needs Use of approved devices Transit option wheelchairs Student Notes: The child’s IEP (for children 3 to 21 years old), is developed in coordination with the parent/caregiver, teacher , day care center, school district or transportation director in order to provide for a particular child’s special needs during the time of each day when he/she is not in direct care of a parent or guardian. Parents should be encouraged to be certain their child’s transportation plan is included in I.E P. Children with special health care needs can use one of three child restraint systems: A conventional CRS Special Needs CRS - most commonly required for children with neuromuscular and/or behavioral needs. Wheeled transportation devices - use only wheelchairs that have labels stating they are approved for transportation purposes. These were discussed in the seat belt section. National Center for the Safe Transportation of Children with Special Healthcare Needs Make sure this is in the appendix: LISTSERV: “SPECIALNEEDSTRANSPORT-L” to subscribe “CPS in Healthcare” Safe Ride News Fact Sheets or AAP Policy Statements and Brochures UMTRI Wheelchair Resources Instructor Notes: See the brochure titled, “Ride Safe” at _____________________________________________ Added Includes details pertaining to safe transportation for the child School bus drivers need special training specific to transporting special needs students Conventional CRS may accommodate a child with special needs Transit option wheelchairs Deleted: The National Standards for School Transportation include nationally recognized voluntary standards for preschool and special needs students. CPS advocates can be an active or consulting member of the CSHCN team for a particular child or community. – may accommodate a child with special needs Wheelchairs considered approved for transportation purposes are referred to as a “transit” wheelchairs or a wheelchairs with a “transit option”. Transit wheelchair models that are labeled as complying with ANSI/RESNA WC/19 have been crash tested and designed for use in motor vehicles. These wheelchairs should be secured using SAE 2249 compliant tiedown system with a crashworthy occupant restraint. Other Vehicles - 12

FAA Issues No restraint required birth-2 years old Turbulence and
survivable crashes Inversion test MUST be labeled for airplane use Student Notes: The Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) does not mandate the use of CRS on airplanes, but does encourage the use of CRS in airplanes. Airlines currently allow children under the age of two to fly free of charge as “lap children” and many airlines offer half-price tickets so parents can be guaranteed that their children can travel in a safety seat. Turbulence can happen with little or no warning. The safest place for children during turbulence or in an emergency is in an approved CRS. The FAA strongly urges parents and guardians to secure children in an appropriate restraint based on weight and size. For more information, go to and the Safe Ride News Fact Sheet “AirplaneTravel with Babies” at The FAA Certification standard requires the CRS passing the Inversion Test, in which the child dummy stays within the CRS while the seat is placed upside down. Any CRS that passes the inversion test carries a label that states the CRS is “certified for aircraft use”. Instructor Notes: In August 2005, the FAA announced that it will not mandate the use of child safety seats on airplanes. The decision was based on current FAA and NHTSA studies that show a mandate could result in another 13 to 42 added family member fatalities over 10 years in highway crashes, if requiring extra airline tickets forces some families to drive. Refer to “Airplane Travel With Babies” – Safe Ride News – and to the AAP Policy Statement , “Restraint Use on Aircraft” – ____________________________________________________________________________ Add certification label picture Deleted: In 1989, the Sioux City, Iowa crash dramatically illustrated the hazard to children. One lap held baby died after being thrown out of the mother’s arms during the crash, and was lost in the cabin. Three other babies were injured. Another child was thrown away from the parent but found in an overhead bin during evacuation. From 1981 to November 1996, there were 252 reports of turbulence affecting major air carriers, and 863 passengers received minor injuries, 63 passengers suffered serious injuries, and 2 passenger died. Of the 63 passengers who were seriously injured, 61 were not wearing their safety belts Other Vehicles - 13

FAA Issues Allowable CRs: Rear-facing up to 20 pounds
Forward-facing to 40 pounds Safety belt over 40 pounds NO boosters or vests Student Notes: Advise parents of the following: Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when using a CRS. Make sure the CRS is FAA approved. Measure the width of the CRS. It should fit in most airplane seats if it is no wider than 16 inches. Reserve adjoining seats. A CRS should be placed in a window seat so it will not block the escape path in an emergency. Do not place the CRS in an exit row. Buying a ticket for your child is the only way to guarantee that you will be able to use a CRS. Ask your airline for their policy for use of CRS on flights at the time you book your flight. For children over 40 pounds the aircraft seat belt should be used. Aircraft belts are generally anchored forward of the seat bight, so they tend to stay down below the hips better. Booster seats and vest systems are banned for use on airplanes. Airline seats are designed so that the force of the upper body of a lap belted airline passenger will collapse the seat in front of him. Under those circumstances, a child restrained in a shield booster would be crushed between the seat back and the shield. Belt positioning booster seats cannot be used since they require a lap and shoulder belt. Instructor Notes: All booster seats and vest systems are banned from use as of 9/96 regardless of labeling. _________________________________________________________________________ Added up to 20 pounds Other Vehicles - 14

Emergency Vehicles Issues
Side facing vehicle seats Rear facing vehicle seat Aftermarket equipment Safety screen in police vehicle Plastic seats Use in certified anchor locations Secure loose objects Transport non-injured child in alternate vehicle Student Notes: There are no standards for crash testing a CR on a side facing or rear facing vehicle seat and a CR should not be used in these seating positions. Rear facing car seats are designed to face backward on a forward facing vehicle seat. They cannot be safely installed on a rear facing ambulance seat. If possible, transport non-patient children in an alternate vehicle. Child restraints should only be secured with safety belts anchored in locations certified safe in a crash. All monitoring devices and other equipment, tanks, medical kits, etc. must be tightly secured and stowed during transport. Emergency Services should develop and follow protocols for the safe transportation of children. The protocol may include using an alternate vehicle when possible. Annual training on the department policy and the correct use of child safety seats should be implemented. The International Association of Chiefs of Police recommends that the transportation of children should be done in a way to ensure the child restraint is correctly installed. Police vehicles equipped with prisoner screens and or plastic seats are issues for officers needing to transport children in emergencies. Child restraints should not be installed if a prisoner screen is present. This screen does not allow sufficient space for the forward motion of the child’s head. In cases where aftermarket police equipment is present and correct installation is not possible, alternative transportation needs to be found. . Instructor Notes: Refer to “the Do’s and Don’ts of Transporting children in an Ambulance in the appendix. ( Refer to “Crash Protection for Children in Ambulances” in the appendix. ( _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ask Marilyn if the line drawing of the CRS on the ambulance stretcher could be used on this slide. Added Issues to title Took out NO twice Added Aftermarket Equipment safety screen in police vehicle Plastic seats Other Vehicles - 15

Restraint Use in Ambulances
Student Notes: Ambulance Crash Characteristics: 80% of crashes involve frontal impact into another vehicle 78% of fatalities are not ambulance occupants Ambulance occupant fatalities are more likely to occur in the rear compartment Approximately 12,000 crashes annually 1 fatality for every 100 crashes 120 fatalities annually Convertible CRS Appropriate for children who: Weigh up to 40 pounds Fit into convertible child restraint Tolerate upright seated position Install with both rear-facing and forward-facing belt paths Choose seat with 5-pt internal harness Position seat facing rear of ambulance Elevate gurney back rest fully Adjust restraint recline to fit restraint snugly against gurney backrest (not more than 45 degrees) Anchor child restraint to cot with 2 pairs of belts Fasten 5-pt harnes and adjust snugly Ideally attach shoulder harness through slots at or below shoulders Place rolled towels or blankets on both sides of small infant Car bed Necessary If infant up to 20 pounds must lie flat Only use car bed with two belt systems Elevate back rest o gurney Position head away from side of vehicle Attach belts to gurney where sliding minimized

Chapter Review What are some vehicle design factors that need to be considered when selecting a CRS for the following vehicles: Pick-up trucks - School buses and school vehicles Airplanes - Emergency vehicles What child restraints are appropriate for use in the following vehicles: What are safe seating choices for children in the following vehicles: What are current recommendations for use of CRS in the following vehicles: Based on this chapter, please select the appropriate restraint for the child based on the information provided on the activity sheet. Also determine the appropriate seating location. Provide support for your selection by citing vehicle design factors and current recommendations. Worksheet in excel document entitled: Other Vehicles Worksheet. Worksheet Objective: Students will be able to select the appropriate child restraint for the designated vehicle.

Core Elements Knowledge of the seating limitations of a pick-up truck (jump seats, airbags, interior space, no rear seat). Compartmentalization CRS selection for children on school buses Knowledge on retrofitting seat belts on a school bus Guidelines/Regulations in transporting preschool/Head Start children in school buses CRS selection for children in airplanes Knowledge of issues related to transporting children in emergency vehicles (ambulance and police vehicles) Student Notes: Instructor Notes: Review Core Elements Assessment Questions: Can CRS be placed on jump seats? Answer: No What % of the CRS must be supported by the vehicle seat? Answer: 80% Can a rear-facing CRS be used in the front seat of a pick-up truck when there is no rear seat? Answer: Only if there is an airbag on/off switch installed and in the off position. Describe compartmentalization. Answer: Compartmentalization is a passive occupants protection system. Seats on school buses must have flexible, energy absorbent, high seat backs (about 24 inches from the lower cushion) and are narrowly spaced, no further than 24 inches from the seating reference point (SRP – passenger hip) to the seat back in front of the occupant. What is the recommended compartmentalization seat spacing on school buses when you are installing a CRS? Answer: NHTSA recommends the maximum seat spacing of 24 inches be used when CRS will be installed on the bus seats. What types of CRS that can be used on school buses? Answer: There are basically three types of child safety seat options for placing children on a school bus: 1) Child safety seats (on small school buses with seat belts) 2) Integrated Child Safety Seats, 3) Harnesses and Vests – Most use a cam wrap system to install. Steps to follow when retrofitting a school bus with seat belts? Answer: NHTSA recommends retrofitting safety belts on existing school bus seats only when following manufacturer’s instructions. What are the NHTSA guidelines for the transportation of preschool children? Answer: NHTSA testing has indicated preschool age children should be correctly restrained in CRS meeting FMVSS 213 when riding on a school bus. What are the transportation requirements for Head Start? Answer: 1) Height and weight appropriate child restraint systems are required for all children 50 pounds or less. 2) School bus or allowable alternate vehicle must be used. 3) At least on bus monitor required on board at all times. What type of CRS can be used on an airplane? Answer: Rear-facing up to 20 pounds, Forward-facing to 40 pounds, Safety belt over 40 pounds What should emergency services do to provide safe transportation of children in CRS? Answer: Emergency Services should develop and follow protocols for the safe transportation of children. The protocol may include using an alternate vehicle when possible. Annual training on the department policy and the correct use of child safety seats should be implemented. Can CRS be used in all vehicles? If not, what are some issues that would impact the use of a CRS? Answer: No. Vehicle seats that are side facing or rear facing, After market items that limit the space in the vehicle, or prevent the correct use of a child restraint

END of Chapter

FMVSS 210 seat vs. Non-210 seat Student Notes:
Small school buses, (under 10,000 pounds) are required to be equipped with lap belts mounted on a FMVSS 210 seat. Looking at the 210 seat, you can see that the frame is structurally reinforced and has specific areas designated on the seat frame for the seat belts to be mounted. The non-210 seat is not structurally reinforced and seat belts can not be used on these seats. NHTSA recommends retrofitting safety belts on existing school bus seats only when following the manufacturer’s instructions. Instructor Notes: Seat belt retrofits on large school buses depend on the school bus vehicle seat and floor construction of the vehicle. The school bus manufacturer should be consulted to decide if it is possible to retrofit seat belts. The retrofit kits do require the purchase of a school bus seat that meets the 210 requirements, not just the safety belts. The floor of the bus may also need to be reinforced. Contact the school bus manufacturer to decide if a retrofit is possible. School bus regulations are found in FMVSS 210. ________________________________________ Deleted: those with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), (Type A1, B1),

School Bus Crashworthiness Research Report – April 2002
Students Notes: Instructor Notes: Sled tests were conducted using two different sled bucks to evaluate school bus restraint systems. The first buck was fabricated by mounting a section from the body of a school bus on the sled. The second test buck was an open framed, rigid floor sled buck, which provided a more consistent test platform. It allowed for better high speed imaging of the test event which resulted in better analysis with the dummies and their interaction with the bus seats and restraint systems. Three different restraint strategies were evaluated: Compartmentalization Lap belt (with compartmentalization), and Lap / shoulder belts on a bus seat with a modified, non-FMVSS 222-compliant seat back. The other conditions evaluated were: Seat spacing (19, 22, and 24 inches) Seat-back height, and Rear occupant loading The last factor evaluated was the loading conditions on the occupants. Three different conditions were simulated: Restrained occupants without any loading from occupants seated behind them Restrained occupants with loading from occupants seated behind them Unrestrained occupants into seat back in front of them.

If this Chart does not show well enough, maybe the next slide would be better
Instructor Notes: The school bus is a highly regulated vehicle and it must meet many FMVSSs. Some of the FMVSS Construction Regulations that provide passenger protection in a crash include: FMVSS Body Joint Strength FMVSS 220 – Rollover Protection FMVSS 131 – Pedestrian Safety Devices FMVSS 222 – Passenger Seating and Crash Protection FMVSS 217 – Emergency Exits FMVSS 301 – Fuel System Integrity As well as improved total structural integrity for the school bus frame and shell. This chart just highlights the many areas of a bus and how those Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards come in to play in its design. NOTE: A list of the FMVSSs that buses must meet is in the appendix.

School Buses are Safe Student Notes: Instructor Notes:
Some of the FMVSS Construction Regulations that provide passenger protection in a crash include: FMVSS Body Joint Strength FMVSS 220 – Rollover Protection FMVSS 131 – Pedestrian Safety Devices FMVSS 222 – Passenger Seating and Crash Protection FMVSS 217 – Emergency Exits FMVSS 301 – Fuel System Integrity As well as improved total structural integrity for the school bus frame and shell. This chart just highlights the many areas of a bus and how those Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards come in to play in its design. Photograph Compliments of Thomas Built Buses

Q’Straint Q Vest The Q Vest comes in two sizes only, 20 – 60 lbs and 60 lbs plus. Features a 3-point connection with push button release. It meets FMVSS 302 and 213 and has been crashed tested at 30 mph on a standard school bus seat. Students Notes: Instructor Notes: 20 – 60 lbs 60 lbs and over

School Bus Safety Issues Types of School Buses
Student Notes: Children are far safer riding on a school bus than they are riding in the family vehicle. Instructor Notes: School bus safety and the lack of safety belts on most large school buses is an issue that surfaces regularly when working with parents and caregivers. CPS technicians need to be prepared to give at least the basic answers. This section will help you to understand the forces that occur in a school bus crash and how to respond to parents. CPS advocates must be careful not to create the perception that school buses without safety belts are dangerous or so risky that parents and caregivers would decide not to let their children ride the school bus. There are four types of school buses - types A, B, C, and D. These are industry terms used to distinguish the different types of school buses. Most states require the use of school buses to transport children to and from school and school related events. ____________________________________ Looking for Sheet to put in Appendix: Deleted: Type “A” includes two classifications: –Type A1, with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less –Type A2, with a GVWR greater than 10,000 pounds Type “B” includes two classifications: –Type B1, with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less –Type B2, with a GVWR greater than 10,000 pounds A typical Type “C” school bus is 64 passengers and has a 28,500 pound GVWR at full rated capacity. A typical Type “D” school bus is 84 passengers and has a 36,200 pound GVWR at full capacity. Capacity is figured at 150 pounds per person. Student Notes: Busses under 10,000 pounds must be equipped with safety belts. Busses over 10,000 pounds may have safety belts depending on school district choice or state law. Instructor Notes: Numerous websites available to students needing more information. NHTSA bus curriculum also available. School busses are one of the safest forms of transportation.

BESI, Inc. DELETE SLIDE Checking on availablity at present.
BESI Securement Vests are also currently available. This seat is similar to the STAR and should be available sometime in late 2005/early I did see this seat at the Transporting Students with Special Needs Conference and it should be available; however, I did not find it on the BESI website. Does anyone have any additional information?

Objectives List and discuss the current FAA regulations and recommendations regarding CPS Describe special factors of occupant protection in emergency vehicles Delete slide Other Vehicles - 3

Student Notes: The following slides provide video footage to show what happens in a school bus crash. The video footage is being shown to help you understand why school buses are considered very safe. The body of the bus is mounted to the frame rails of the chassis by a series of clips or clamps. This non-rigid mounting feature allowed the bus body to slide forward approximately 36 inches during impact. The result was extended ride down time which reduced the crash force exerted on the vehicles occupants. Instructor Notes: Funding was provided by NHTSA to evaluate different types of safety restraints on school buses, assess occupant safety on school buses, and to examine and analyze available information about occupant safety and options for improving safety. The following was considered when reviewing school bus safety: Impact on school districts, Design and operational considerations i.e., school bus seating capacity and restraint system design that realistically deals with different sized occupants, and All existing technologies. NHTSA published a report titled “School Bus Safety: Safe Passage for America’s Children”. The report outlined NHTSA’s current and future actions on school bus safety of which most of the planned work was documented in the School Bus Crashworthiness Report. Note: The next slides provide background to assist you in discussing why there are no safety belts on school buses and why school buses are safer. Instructors should review and understand the report before teaching this section. _______________________________________________________________________________ Deleted: of requiring school buses to have occupant restraint systems, that would arise if occupant restraints on school buses are mandated, The first crash test was conducted by frontally impacting a conventional style school bus into a rigid barrier at 30 mph. The impact speed was chosen to ensure that sufficient energy would be imparted to the occupants in order to evaluate the protective capability of compartmentalization, plus provide a level at which other methods for occupant injury mitigation could be evaluated during sled testing. A 30 mph impact into a solid barrier is the equivalent of two vehicles of similar size impacting at a closing speed or delta V of approximately 60 mph, which was found to be prevalent in the crash database files. Frontal Impact Barrier Test

Student Notes: Compartmentalization is the passive restraint currently used in large school buses. The dummy slides forward on the bench seat, remaining in an upright position until the knees of the dummy strike the seat back in front of it. At this point the upper torso begins to rotate forward and downward. The dummies head strikes the seat back, pushing the head backward which bends the neck. Instructor Notes: Sled tests were conducted and three different restraint strategies were evaluated: Compartmentalization, Lap belt (with compartmentalization), and Lap and shoulder belts on a bus seat with a modified, non-FMVSS 222-compliant seat back. Compartmentalization Analysis: Low head injury values were observed for all dummy sizes, except when override occurred. High head injury values were produced when the large male dummy overrode the seat in front of it, while the high-back seats prevented this. Significant numbers of child and small female dummy tests had high neck injury values, ranging in the area of approximately half of the tests for each age group. Compartmentalization: is sensitive to seat back height does not appear to be sensitive to rear loading conditions did show some sensitivity to seat spacing. Typical Compartmentalization

Emergency Vehicle Recommendations
Training Access to CRs Develop and follow protocols Delete slide Other Vehicles - 16

Student Notes: Lap belts and compartmentalization are currently required in all seating positions in school buses under 10,000 pounds. The lap belt restraint requirement is intended to work in conjunction with the compartmentalization seating design. The dummy initially slides forward in an upright-seated position. This continues until all slack and/or stretch in the belt webbing is removed. At this point, the upper torso of the dummy begins to rotate forward and downward. Because of the relatively short seat spacing, the head of the dummy struck the seat back. Lap belts only may increase the potential for serious injury in some crashes. Instructor Notes: Lap Belt Restraints Analysis: Lap belt restraint systems effectively keep dummies in their seats and the head injury values were low for all dummy sizes. Neck injury values were high for most test dummies, and were generally higher than those from compartmentalization tests. The neck injury potential is very sensitive. Note: The differences in construction and smaller mass of the under 10,000 pound school bus, subject this type of bus to potentially higher acceleration loading in the occupant compartment in a frontal crash. A significant advantage of a belt restraint system is its ability to keep a passenger within the protective boundaries of a compartmentalized seat. Lap belt only on school bus seat

Student Notes: The lap and shoulder belt restraint systems typically prevented head impact into the seat back. NHTSA’s report estimated that lap and shoulder belts on buses may save 1 or 2 lives per year nationwide. Instructor Notes: Lap and Shoulder Belt Analysis: Lap and shoulder belt restraint systems effectively keep dummies in their seats. The head injuries were low for all size dummies. The head injury measurements were significantly lower than for the compartmentalization and lap belt results. When the restraints were properly worn, the neck injuries were below the threshold for all size dummies. Restraint misuse – putting the shoulder portion of the belt behind the back or under the arm – can produce undesirable outcomes. Note: The use of lap and shoulder belts on a school bus bench seat would require 15 inches per passenger seating position, up from the 13 inches currently used. There is a 17% reduction in seating capacity. Reduced seating capacity because of lap and shoulder belts would need to be offset by running more trips with the same bus or purchase of additional buses. ____________________________________________________________ Deleted: The stiffer seat back needed for anchoring the shoulder belt portion of these restraints could present a potential problem for the unrestrained passengers seated behind an occupant who is secured with the three-point restraint. Stiffer seat back designs could be addressed by proper design and/or padding of seat through modification of FMVSS 222. NHTSA’s report to congress estimated an annual increase in costs up to $100 million. If either of these caused a reduction in the number of riders in school buses, the benefits gained by installing lap and shoulder belts could be offset as school children are required to find alternative transportation to school. Lap/shoulder belt on school bus seat

Students Notes: Instructor Notes: During impact, the truck penetrated the bus side approximately half way into the compartment and remained in contact while rotating 180 degrees before coming to a stop. The front axles were severed from both vehicles. Crash dummies were placed throughout the bus in various locations. One dummy was positioned directly centered at the point of impact to determine “survivability” within the impact zone and another dummy in the row directly behind the direct impact zone. _______________________________________ Deleted: The second crash test was conducted by towing a 25,265-pound cab-over truck, at 45 mph and 90 degrees, into the side of a transit style school bus. The school bus was stationary at the time of impact. The impact point was chosen such that the left front edge of the truck was directly behind the front axle of the school bus to eliminate contact with rigid structures such as the axle, tires, etc. during the initial penetration of the truck into the bus body. Side Impact Crash Testing

State Laws Requiring Seat Belts on School Buses
New York – requires lap belts (1987) New Jersey – requires lap belts (1994) Florida – requires a safety belt (2001) Louisiana – requires an occupant restraint system (June 2004) California – requires a lap and shoulder belts Small school buses (2004) Large school buses (2005) Student Notes: Currently, several states require school buses to be equipped with seat belts. Most State laws specifically exempt school bus passengers from their child restraint and belt use laws. Some states require child restraint use on at least small school buses. Most require the bus operator to use his/her safety belt. Some local school districts have also instituted requirements for installation and, in some cases, for belt use. Instructor Notes: To locate the regulations or the State Director of Pupil Transportation for your state, go to

School Bus Child Restraint Options
The C. E. White Co. Integrated Child Restraint STAR Student Notes: The C.E. White Co. Child Restraint Seat is for children 20 to 60 lb. and 48 inches in height or less. The Safe Guard Integrated Child Seat is for children 22 to 65 lbs. SafeGuard STAR is a safety restraint system for transporting children on school buses. STAR combines current 5-point restraint and cam wrap technology to securely position the student on a school bus seat. STAR has a quick release buckle that is attached to a cam wrap and a positioning base. STAR does not require the use of a lap belt or seat belt ready seat. The STAR accommodates children from 25lbs. to 65lbs. The STAR Plus offers the same level of protection as the standard STAR with a 5-point restraint and cam wrap technology to securely position the passenger on a school bus seat. Featuring a larger base, comfort pad, and shoulder area the STAR Plus can accommodate children up to 90 lbs. and 47” tall. The STAR Plus fits current high- and low-back seats and requires no seat belt for installation. BESI Pro-Tech II is a safety restraint system for transporting children on school buses. The Pro-tech II accommodates children from 20lbs. To 65lbs. And fits all high and low back school bus seats. Installation does not require a seat belt or a seat belt ready bus seat. Instructor Notes: ___________________________________ Deleted: and has a fold-down cushion for easy accessibility. Folds away when not in use. BESI Pro-Tech II SafeGuard Bus Seat Options Other Vehicles - 10

Multifunctional School Activity Bus
Student Notes: This multifunctional school activity bus (MFSAB) is the same design as a school bus, but without the stop arm and eight-way flashing lights. It does not have to be painted school bus yellow. It can be used to transport students to activities, but not allowed to transport students to and from school and home. Instructor Notes: There are additional issues with non-school buses used for transporting children, specifically large 15-passenger type vans, also known as non-conforming vans. In response to this issue, NHTSA created a new school bus category in August 2003, the Multi-Function School Activity Bus (MFSAB) which is exempt from the traffic control requirements, but is required to meet all other school bus safety standards. This means the MFSAB will be less expensive than the standard school bus and allows for a safer alternative for school districts, child care centers, Head Starts and churches. Federal requirements regulate that all new vehicles that carry 11 or more passengers that are sold for transporting students to and from school or school related events must meet the FMVSSs for school buses. A vehicle is regarded as being sold for use as a school bus if, at the time of sale, it is evident that the vehicle is likely to be significantly used to transport students to and from school or school-related events. This statute applies to school buses sold to public, as well as parochial schools. Thus, a dealer selling a new 15-passenger van to be used for school transportation must ensure that the van is certified as meeting school bus FMVSSs. Federal regulations apply only to the manufacture and sale or lease of new vehicles. Check with your State Regulations to determine if the MFSAB is allowed for use in the transport of Head Start and/or school age children. Regular Type A School Bus VS. Multifunctional School Activity Bus formerly known as the Allowable Alternate Vehicle

Vests E-Z-On Products Q’Straint Model #203 Model #101PB (XS-S) Q Vest:
The Q Vest comes in two sizes only, 20 – 60 lbs and 60 lbs plus. Features a 3-point connection with push button release. 543 KidCam Harness Student Notes: Safety vests are an option for children 20 pounds and more when other child restraint safety systems will not work. Make sure that the safety vest used has been crash tested for the size child it is being selected to secure. Although they differ in appearance, safety vests are included in FMVSS 213. Safety vests used on school bus seats use a “cam wrap” which wraps all the way around the seat back. A “cam wrap” cannot be used on other vehicles. Safety vests for children under 65 pounds are now required to be equipped with a crotch strap to prevent “submarining”. Crotch straps can be retrofitted for previously purchased vests. Instructor Notes: Safety vests can be used on non-reinforced (non-210) school bus vehicle seats. When safety vests are used on a 210 reinforced bus seat with a lap belt, the safety vest should be secured at the hips with the seat belt as instructed by the manufacturer. Crotch straps must be used for children less than 65 pounds. KidCam Harness is used with Cam Wrap Technology and a 5 point harness to secure up to 3 passengers on a standard or high back bus seat. The KidCam Harness requires a lap belt. This harness can be used from lbs. The KidCam Harness is used with the Ride Ryte Booster without the crotch straps. ____________________________________ Deleted: It is recommended that safety vests be purchased with adjustable shoulder straps. Some of the E-Z-On products pictured here have adjustable shoulder straps, others are non-adjustable. Some have the crotch straps and for others it’s optional. 20-65lbs only 20-65lbs only Model #101BR Model #101/102 30-80lbs 20-168lbs 20-168lbs

Head Start Transportation Regulations
Appropriate CR required for children 50 pounds or less At least one bus monitor is required on board at all times Children transported in school buses or allowable alternate vehicles Student Notes:

Standardized Child Passenger Safety Training Program Winter 2004

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Standardized Child Passenger Safety Training Program Winter 2004

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