1. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Public Policy and Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Policy Analysis (Decision Making Part I)

2. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Policy Making Theories Pluralist Pluralist Open process Open process Power elite Power elite Small group of people who are the most informed make best decisions. Small group of people who are the most informed make best decisions. Public choice Market will make choices. Competition is good Bureaucratic Expertise

3. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Problems Pluralist Pluralist Assumes all groups are represented Assumes all groups are represented Power elite Power elite Upper Class Bias Upper Class Bias Right and Left wing distrust of government Right and Left wing distrust of government Public choice People always act in their own self-interest May not protect the public interest Equity issues Bureaucratic May be out of touch with citizens. Fear of abuse. Street level bureaucrat

4. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Private Goods Private Can NOT be easily divided Exclusive

5. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Public Goods Public: value to larger society Can not be divided Non-exclusive

6. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Criminal Justice A public or Private good? Photograph provided by Woodcrest Vehicle Center

7. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Scarcity Conflict between unlimited human wants and their limited resources Conflict between unlimited human wants and their limited resources Consequence - we must choose between wants and resource allocation

8. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster General Analysis Process Define/analyze the problem Define/analyze the problem Determine goals Determine goals Construct alternatives Construct alternatives Design evaluation criteria Design evaluation criteria Evaluate alternatives Evaluate alternatives Draw Conclusion and make recommendations Draw Conclusion and make recommendations

9. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Define/analyze problem What is the problem? What is the problem? Where is the problem? Where is the problem? Who or what is affected? Who or what is affected? How did the problem develop? How did the problem develop? What are the primary causes? What are the primary causes? How might the problem be improved by policy action? How might the problem be improved by policy action?

10. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Question Would Criminological Theory choice affect: Would Criminological Theory choice affect:Criminological TheoryCriminological Theory What is the problem? What is the problem? Where is the problem? Where is the problem? Who or what is affected? Who or what is affected? How did the problem develop? How did the problem develop? What are the primary causes? What are the primary causes? How might the problem be improved by policy action? How might the problem be improved by policy action?

11. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Determine Goals What are economic, political, cultural and/or social goals? How are the goals specifically stated? Are they measurable?

12. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Construct Options What policy options available? What policy options available? Looking for multiple solutions Looking for multiple solutions

13. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Question Would Criminological Theory choice affect options?Criminological Theory

14. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Design evaluation criteria What criteria would best evaluate current problem and policy options? What criteria would best evaluate current problem and policy options? What is the cost? What is the cost? What is the potential effectiveness? What is the potential effectiveness? How feasible is the solution: How feasible is the solution: Economically Economically Politically Politically Culturally Culturally Are their Equity Issues? Are their Equity Issues?

15. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Evaluate alternatives Best Option? Best Option? Is there more research that could find a better policy? Is there more research that could find a better policy? Sufficient data for analysis? Sufficient data for analysis? Appropriate data Appropriate data Measurement techniques Measurement techniques What other data and/or information is required to decide? What other data and/or information is required to decide?

16. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Draw Conclusion and make recommendations Under current conditions, which is the most desirable policy? Are there other factors?

17. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Needs Analysis A management and/or research technique that can be used to determine the difference between the current state and desired state. A management and/or research technique that can be used to determine the difference between the current state and desired state. The difference between an analysis and an evaluation is that an analysis is based on science or mathematics. The difference between an analysis and an evaluation is that an analysis is based on science or mathematics.

18. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Analysis Steps Collect Data Collect Data Collate Data Collate Data Develop a Response Develop a Response Describe What is Being Analyzed Describe What is Being Analyzed Analyze or Review the Data Analyze or Review the Data Assess the Results Assess the Results

19. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Collect Data Collect Data List the data List the data Where can the data be obtained? Where can the data be obtained? What time period will be collected? What time period will be collected? Surveys Surveys Focus Groups Focus Groups Studies Studies Available statistical information Available statistical information

20. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Collate the Data Collating is not analysis. It is putting the information in some order so that you can conduct an analysis Collating is not analysis. It is putting the information in some order so that you can conduct an analysis

21. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Analysis Where? Where? When? When? What conditions or events precede? What conditions or events precede? What conditions or events accompany? What conditions or events accompany? What harm? What harm? What has been done? What has been done? Stakeholders and assets? Stakeholders and assets?

22. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Response Brainstorm Brainstorm Feasibility- Feasibility- Time Time Money Money resources resources What preparations are need? What preparations are need? Who is responsible to implement? Who is responsible to implement? What should or should not be done? What should or should not be done?

23. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Assessment Collect the data again and see if the analysis was correct. Collect the data again and see if the analysis was correct. Did you achieve the intended outcome? Did you achieve the intended outcome? Does the plan need to be changed? Does the plan need to be changed? How will you monitor the situation to be sure the problem does not reoccur? How will you monitor the situation to be sure the problem does not reoccur?

24. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Public Policy and Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Explore Public Safety Technology Public Safety TechnologyPublic Safety Technologyatwww.police-technology.net