1. Group Investigation Create a short lecture that will help summarize the key events/ideas in your particular VIP’s life. Create a short lecture that will help summarize the key events/ideas in your particular VIP’s life. –Focus on changes within lifetime –Focus on explaining core ideas and actions Visuals and more slides with brief notes are better than less slides with lots of writing on them. Visuals and more slides with brief notes are better than less slides with lots of writing on them. Students will NOT be copying your notes. Students will NOT be copying your notes. Tsar Alexander I Tsar Nicholas I Tsar Alexander II Tsar Alexander III Tsar Nicholas II Mikhail Bakunin Alexander Kerensky Vladimir Lenin

2. Do Now Grab a “Strive for a 5” Open to p. 345 Describe how Leninism revised Marxism, and analyze how that helped the Bolsheviks to take power in Russia.

3. In-class FRQ Compare and contrast the extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian Revolution (1917-1924) changed the status of women. Compare and contrast the extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian Revolution (1917-1924) changed the status of women.

4. The Russian Revolution 

5. The Petrograd Soviet  leftists in St. Petersburg formed the Petrograd Soviet, which they claimed to be the legit. gov’t  Soviets were workers councils that drew democratic power and voted in order to reach decisions –No political parties –No official ideologies –“grassroots”  Taken over by the Bolsheviks eventually

6. Lenin Steps into This Vacuum Amnesty granted to all political prisoners in March of 1917 Amnesty granted to all political prisoners in March of 1917 Lenin’s arrival in Petrograd Lenin’s arrival in Petrograd A tremendously charismatic personality A tremendously charismatic personality “Peace, Land, Bread” “Peace, Land, Bread” “All Power to the Soviets” “All Power to the Soviets” He preached that the war was a capitalist/imperialist war that offered no rewards for the peasants/workers; he also felt the war was over w/ the czar’s abdication He preached that the war was a capitalist/imperialist war that offered no rewards for the peasants/workers; he also felt the war was over w/ the czar’s abdication Bolshevik party membership exploded; their power was consolidated Bolshevik party membership exploded; their power was consolidated

7. The October Revolution coup planned by Leon Trotsky, who had gained the confidence of the army (= the “Red Miracle”) coup planned by Leon Trotsky, who had gained the confidence of the army (= the “Red Miracle”) October 26, the Bolsheviks, who controlled the Central Committee of the Congress of Soviets, officially took control of the government.

8. Lenin’s Reforms Lenin consolidated power in Jan. 1918 by disbanding the Constituent Assembly (had replaced the Duma) Lenin consolidated power in Jan. 1918 by disbanding the Constituent Assembly (had replaced the Duma) –Russ. dem. thus terminated –a Council of People’s Commissars was created Lenin gave land to peasants (although peasants already had taken it, much like the “Great Fear” of the French Revolution) – –This move was shrewd in that Lenin had no real control over lands in the countryside but was now perceived as a friend of the peasantry Lenin gave direct control of individual factories by local workers’ committees.

9. November Revolution Political Police organized: CHEKA Political Police organized: CHEKA Revolutionary army created with Trotsky in charge = “Red Army” Revolutionary army created with Trotsky in charge = “Red Army” Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party in March of 1918 Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party in March of 1918

10. October Revolution (cont) The Treaty of Brest- Litovsk The Treaty of Brest- Litovsk –Huge chunk of Russian land to Germany –Poland, Ukraine independent  Lenin: focus on internal control Civil War followed, 1917- 1920 Civil War followed, 1917- 1920  “Reds” versus “Whites” Complete breakdown of Russian economy and society Complete breakdown of Russian economy and society

11.  Civil War  White Army received limited help from the western powers.  Disorganized  “White Terror”  The Reds won the civil war.  Appealed to Russian nationalism after Western invasion  ORGANIZED  Used “Red Terror” after to get rid of political enemies

12. War Communism Earliest form of socialism in the Soviet Union   Applied a "total war" concept to the civil war   Declared that all land was nationalized – –State took control of heavy industries and ended private trade   Resulted in huge decline in production – –Forced peasants to deliver food to towns – –Cheka (secret police) hunted down and executed thousands of opponents, such as the tsar and his family and other enemies of the proletariat

13. THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY The USSR faced serious eco. issues w/ the conclusion of the wars The USSR faced serious eco. issues w/ the conclusion of the wars W. nations refused to trade w/ them, and Lenin was at 1st determined to apply his Marxist principles, which failed W. nations refused to trade w/ them, and Lenin was at 1st determined to apply his Marxist principles, which failed In Mar. 1921 Lenin relented and intro ’ d the NEP In Mar. 1921 Lenin relented and intro ’ d the NEP  attempt to rebuild agri. and industry thru a free market system –many dissidents were shipped off to the gulags  The NEP did work; Lenin was presumably ready to return to Marxist principles  But his health deteriorated after a 1922 stroke, and Lenin died in 1924: this created a power vacuum and a struggle b/n Trotsky and Stalin

14. Leon Trotsky intellectual, head of the Red Army intellectual, head of the Red Army favoured the doctrine of World Revolution favoured the doctrine of World Revolution –felt that the USSR could not survive as the sole comm. state –the USSR must therefore seek to export rev. –as a doctrinaire comm., he opposed the NEP

15. Josef Stalin favored “ Socialism in One Country ” favored “ Socialism in One Country ” –the USSR should strengthen itself and lead the comm. world by ex. as a pragmatist, he supported the NEP as a pragmatist, he supported the NEP experienced as a bureaucrat, he became the Party ’ s General Secretary in 1922: here he appointed many apparatchiks (these allies were crucial to Stalin ’ s rise) experienced as a bureaucrat, he became the Party ’ s General Secretary in 1922: here he appointed many apparatchiks (these allies were crucial to Stalin ’ s rise) power struggle lasted until 1928, when Stalin ’ s complex system of alliances and ability w/ realpolitik allowed him to succeed power struggle lasted until 1928, when Stalin ’ s complex system of alliances and ability w/ realpolitik allowed him to succeed

16. STALIN AND THE FIVE YEAR PLANS the Dec. 1927 Party Congress saw the end of the NEP the Dec. 1927 Party Congress saw the end of the NEP the 5 Yr. Plans were Stalin’s own vision – they were intended to re-org. Soviet ind./agri. and to overhaul the eco. and catch up w/ the West the 5 Yr. Plans were Stalin’s own vision – they were intended to re-org. Soviet ind./agri. and to overhaul the eco. and catch up w/ the West –unrealistic production quotas were set, and tremendous sacrifices and ruthless methods were used to reach them –in agri., collectivization was implemented – w/ the state taking the proceeds from the collective farms  peasant opposition was crushed/starved  after some protest, the kulaks were liquidated, starved in order to feed urban workers (the “terror famine”)  by WWII, the peasants were largely regimented

17. –Significant industrial growth –Decline in citizen consumption & living standards  the plans did not emphasize consumer goods; preference was given to megaprojects  workers were praised as “heroes of Sov. labour”, dealing w/ long hours and horrid conditions  living conditions also deteriorated: overcrowding, food and housing shortages (and women who had gained status following the rev. again lost their freedoms – the Zhenotdel was abolished)

18. Stalin was able to do this, unlike Lenin, b/c the gov’t was firmly in place and all threats had been eliminated/reduced thru state terror/propaganda Stalin was able to do this, unlike Lenin, b/c the gov’t was firmly in place and all threats had been eliminated/reduced thru state terror/propaganda –Stalin combined communism and dictatorship in this time, setting the tone for future comm. leaders –By 1941, the USSR was among the top 3 eco. powers

19. Stalin’s paranoia still wouldn’t rest…The Great Purges Stalin’s paranoia still wouldn’t rest…The Great Purges They began in 1934 when Stalin’s deputy Sergei Kirov was murdered They began in 1934 when Stalin’s deputy Sergei Kirov was murdered Stalin ordered the NKVD to crack down on potential opposition – this soon penetrated all levels of Soviet society Stalin ordered the NKVD to crack down on potential opposition – this soon penetrated all levels of Soviet society Anyone perceived as a threat was forced to confess in public trials and then executed/shipped to a gulag Anyone perceived as a threat was forced to confess in public trials and then executed/shipped to a gulag Millions disappeared during this time; the party leadership and army officer corps was esp. affected Millions disappeared during this time; the party leadership and army officer corps was esp. affected