1. Chapter 1 Notes
“Human Beginnings”

2. Human Migrations

3. Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations
Into Eurasia
Into Australia
Into the Americas
Into the Pacific

4. Directions
Please put you name on the migration sheet that I am giving you.
Get three coloring pencils.
The person beside you should get three different colors.
On you map you are going to trace human migrations. Each time thhe human goes to a new continent use a different color. It will look similar to the one in the book, but with different colored lines
Also starting in Africa place a 1 on the continent. This is where humans first appeared. You will then place a 2 on Asia…. And so on.

5. Discovery of Early Americans Important Terms to Know:
Prehistory = period of time before people developed writing
Hominids = human beings and the humanlike creatures that preceded them
Anthropology = the scientific study of hominids (physical features, development, behavior, etc.)
Paleontologist = study fossil remains
Archaeologists = unearth and interpret objects left behind by prehistoric people

8. Eurasia - Cave paintings
- Venus figurines from stone, antlers, and tusks
- Cultural diffusion
- Bone needles, multilayered clothing
- Underground shelters

12. Australia - Use of boats - 250 languages - Aboriginal people
- European-1788
- Collected bulbs, seeds, domesticated cereal grasses, etc
- Dreamtime- ancestral explanation of the beginning and how things were created... How people relate to animals

13. The Americas 30,000-15000 North America Clovis culture
- Hunted mammoths and bison
- Cultural diffusion of technology with weapons
- Clovis become extinct when large animals such as the mammoth became extinct

14. In the Pacific (pacific ocean)
- All the little islands surrounding Austrailia were settled... Last was New Zealand
- Men and women made the journeys and brought domesticated plants and animals with them intending to settle.
- Highly stratified societies (chiefdom)
- The people changed the land and exploited the trees, animals, etc.

15. Realm of the spirit - Religious ceremonies were conducted
- Shamans- people who dealt with the spirit world (pituri, psychiatric drugs, trance dance)
- Figurines- Great Goddess

16. Settling down
- Increase in temperatures after the ice age allowed people to settle down
- Jomon- Japan
- Jomon figurines associated with fertility
- Domesticating the dog
- This is when agriculture occurs

17. Different Paleolithic societies
1. San of South Africa
2. Chumash of Southern California

18. 1. San of South Africa - Khoisan- speaking people
- trance healers (songs and dances)
- replaced by Bantu speaking people domesticating animals and bringing in agriculture
- used drums
- language uses clicks
- still hunters and gatherers

19. 1. San of South Africa - no leaders - egalitarian - insulting the meat
- sharing of food and arrows
- polygamy was permitted
- conflict over meat and laziness
- GAO Na- creator God... Also put misfortune on humans

20. 2. Chumash of California - Spoke different languages
- Lived on the coast
- Relied on the sea
- Rivals and violence
- Technologic innovation- the tomol ( oceangoing boat ft long)
- Builders of the tomol became wealthy and prestigious

21. 2. Chumash of California
- Brotherhood of the tomol- guild create with canoe production
- Increased trade of animals, tools, beads
- Round, permanent houses
- Beads were used as money
- Class distinctions
- Elaborate burials for the wealthy
- Chiefs- inherited their position through male line of descent
- Specialization

22. Dating Early Artifacts
Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of once living things
Scientists also use DNA evidence to understand earlier peoples

23. Prehistoric Finds in Africa
Aramis = a site in Ethiopia where paleontologist Gen Suwa discovered the oldest human remains ever found (4.4 million years old)
Hadar = a site farther north where scientists discovered “Lucy” - a woman’s remains from 3.2 million years ago

24. Human Origins
First pre-human hominids date back about 4.4 million years
Called Australopithecus = “southern ape”
About 65 pounds and 4 feet tall
Mostly likely nomads = moving constantly in search of food
No evidence that they used tools

25. *Homo is a Latin word meaning “human”
Human Origins
Human hominids are divided into 3 species that arose at different times in prehistory:
1) Homo habilis = person with ability
2) Homo erectus = person who walks upright
3) Homo sapiens = person who thinks
*Homo is a Latin word meaning “human”

26. The Ice Ages
Between 2 million and 10,000 years ago, the Earth experienced 4 long periods of cold climate (Ice Ages)
Average temperatures dropped below freezing and glaciers spread from the Poles
Level of the oceans dropped, causing land bridges to appear
Early humans responded by adapting to the cold or moving to warmer places
Early humans also developed other strategies for keeping warm, such as clothing and fire

27. Human Migration

28. Early Human Culture
Culture = a way of life that includes language, religion, eating habits, clothing, arts, etc.
Humans began making tools (began with sticks and stones)
Improved their way of life through technology = skills and knowledge available
Began making more specialized tools
The use of stone tools led to the term “Stone Age”
Divided into 3 periods:
Paleolithic = Old Stone Age
Mesolithic = Middle Stone Age
3) Neolithic = New Stone Age

29. Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers (Homo habilis & Homo erectus)
Not much is known about their culture
Homo habilis (2.5 to 1.5 million years ago) = oldest hominid known to create tools
Homo erectus (1.8 million to 30,000 years ago) = more is known about this species
First appeared in Africa then migrated to parts of Europe and Asia
Learned how to make fire
Lived in caves
Mostly food gatherers
Made clothing
Used grunts and gestures for communication

30. Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers
But by 50,000 years ago, prehistoric people developed language
This achievement allowed them to work with one another and pass knowledge down to the next generation

31. The Appearance of Homo Sapiens
First Homo sapiens = the Neanderthals
Evidence of the first Homo sapiens = 200,000 years ago
Named after the Neander Valley in Germany where they were discovered
Stood about 5.5 feet tall with very stocky bodies
Slightly larger brains
Nomadic hunter-gatherers

32. The Neanderthals Made better tools -- knives, spear points
Lived in groups of people
Shelters build out of branches & animal skin -- used caves in colder climates
Practiced medicine
Believed in life after death -- covered bodies of the dead with flowers in shallow graves with food, tools, and weapons

33. Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Modern Humans
Originated in Africa about 50,000 years ago
Dominated the Neanderthals and maybe even Homo erectus
Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens were called Cro-Magnons
Taller but less stocky than Neanderthals

34. Cro-Magnons Better Technology
Thinner and sharper blades
Hammers, hoes, fishhooks, needles
Axe - chopped down trees for canoes
Could now travel rivers and seacoasts
Spear-thrower & bow and arrow
Allowed them to hunt larger animals and more at a time
This meant there was more food and more people
By 15,000 BCE = 2 million people in the world
Groups joined together for big hunts
Resulted in establishment of rules and leaders

35. Cro-Magnons More permanent homes
Created cave paintings (found in France) and sculptures

36. Introductory Activity
Directions: Take one piece of paper and using one of the terms… Pastoralism or Chiefdom complete the 4-square
Definition in your own words and 1 synonym
Image representing the vocabulary word
Characteristics of the word or 1 example.
Write a sentence about the word. You come up with the sentence yourself.
Vocabulary Word

37. The Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution
Humans began producing food
Tamed & domesticated animals for their use (dogs, goats, etc.)
Sickle invented for cutting grains; pottery used as containers, baskets
Crops grown
People began settling into communities
Earliest villages = Jericho (in modern West Bank) and Catal Huyuk (in present-day Turkey)

39. Agricultural Revolution
Invented plow and trained oxen to pull it
Used fertilizer
Invented the loom (to make cloth)
Invented the wheel, bricks, calendars
Warfare began as people competed for land and water
Polytheism- Believed in gods and goddesses (many gods)

40. New Societies
Pastoral Societies- societies that depended on domesticated animals for food
Still nomadic
Relied on animals (blood, meat, milk)
Appeared in Central Asia, Arabian peninsula, Sahara, and East and Southern Africa
***Domesticated horse 4000 BCE
Lived in steppes
Kinship clans
Formed military confederations

41. Continued pastoral Conflict with agrarian (agricultural) societies
However they exchanged technology, ideas, people, and products

42. New Societies
2. Agricultural Village Societies- Did not have a king, chief, bureaucrat….. Still focused on hunting and gathering along with farming, kinship and lineages.
Inequalities
Cultural, artistic, and religious traditions,
Incorporated new crops, people, and culture.

43. New Societies
3. Chiefdoms- inherited positions of power by chiefs who ran the community
Similar to kings
Gift giving, ritual status, personal charisma
Earliest chiefdom in Mesopotamia 6000 BCE…. Also arose in the Pacific islands
Senior lineage

44. Continued chiefdoms Chief responsibilities Led rituals and ceremonies
Organize warfare
Directed economies
Internal conflict resolved
Collected tribute

45. Emergence of Civilization
Early farming villages developed into complex societies known as civilizations

46. River Valley Civilizations
Earliest civilizations were in river valleys
Nile River in northeastern Africa
Tigris & Euphrates rivers in Middle East
Indus River in India
Huang He in China
Men & women did specific jobs
There was a form of government
Had values and beliefs

48. The Economy of a Civilization
Economy = the way people use the environment to meet their material needs
Economy of early civilizations depended on farmers growing surplus food
Built irrigation systems for crops (dug ditches & canals)
Let farmers grow more food because they didn’t have to wait for rain

49. The Economy of a Civilization
Artisans (workers skilled in a craft) became more productive & creative
Metalworkers created bronze, a very strong metal
Started to trade over long distances
Led to cultural diffusion = the exchange of goods, ideas, and customs between different cultures

50. The Rise of Cities
Government officials oversaw the collection & distribution of crops
Professional soldiers were hired to guard the territory & trade routes
Led by a king
Developed a writing system
Was first invented by priests as a way of recording religious gifts
Later, used to record battle victories and laws

51. Systems of Values Priests recorded myths
Explained how the world was formed
Told of how people came into being
Sumerians (ancient people from Mesopotamia) wrote their myths on 7 clay tablets