2. Alternative Fuel Sources In Mass Transit Matt Baker Eric Reid Mercer University School of Engineering

3. Oil Shortage Scare Alternative Fuel Sources Including: –Biofuels Ethanol (E-85) Biodiesel –Hybrid/Electric –Hydrogen Mercer University School of Engineering

4. The Mass Transit Frontier Some economic problems have been associated with alt. fuel sources in personal vehicles Mass transit could provide a more efficient market for these fuel sources More people using less resources is more cost efficient Mercer University School of Engineering

5. Biofuels Ethanol (E-85) –Already in use –Deemed economically inefficient by some –Affects food sources Biodiesel –In use in some large vehicles and machines Mercer University School of Engineering

6. Hydrogen Idea is viable Technology and resources are not advanced enough to implement hydrogen in a cost-effective manner Mercer University School of Engineering

7. Hybrid-Electric Already in use in mass transit and personal vehicles –Personal vehicles Costly to implement –Mass Transit More people using less vehicles, which makes it more cost efficient Mercer University School of Engineering

8. Cons of Biofuel/Hydrogen Biofuel  Raising price of corn due to production of ethanol  Using food resources is creating more problems than it’s solving Hydrogen  Technology has potential  Fuel cell isn’t ready for mass production/safety Mercer University School of Engineering

9. IEEE Endorsement for Hybrid-Electric Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 6-Step Action Plan to speed up and encourage development of Hybrid-Electric Transportation Mercer University School of Engineering

10. Mass Transit – New York City About one in three users of mass transit and two- thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York City or its suburbs New York is the only city in the United States where over half of all households do not own a car Mercer University School of Engineering

11. Mass Transit Action Plan Use New York City as a case study for hybrid-electric in mass transit  Highest per person mass transit city in U.S.  Provides large-scale experimental data on viability of hybrid-electric mass transit Saves government as well as consumer valuable tax dollars that can be spent elsewhere  Consumer saves by using mass transit rather than personal vehicle  Government saves tax dollars because less is spent on fuel to facilitate mass transit systems Mercer University School of Engineering

12. References Bullis, Kevin. (2007). Electric Cars 2.0. Technology Review, (September/October 2007), 100-101. Environmental and Energy Study Institute. (2006). Hybrid buses costs and benefits. Retrieved March 11, 2008. Fahey, J., Farnham, A., & Muller, J. (2005, April 25). Hydrogen gas. (cover story). Forbes, 175(9), 78-83. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from Academic Search Complete database. Hydrogen cars can solve a foreign problem. (May 16, 2007). USA Today. Retrieved March 11, 2008. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). (2003). Hybrid-Electric Vehicles and Electric Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Staff Contact: Bill Williams. Ogden, J. (2006, September). High hopes for hydrogen. Scientific American, 295(3), 94-101. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from Academic Search Complete database. Mercer University School of Engineering

13. References Revkin, Andrew C. (12/08/2007). Hydrogen Car is Here, but Where’s the Hydrogen Economy. New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2008. Spector, Mike. (2007). Environment (A Special Report); The Economics of Hybrids: For most U.S. consumers, they’re still a money-losing proposition. The Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2007, R.5. U.S. Department of Energy. (2007). Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Washington, D.C. Wald, Matthew L. (1/2007). Is ethanol for the long haul. Scientific American, vol 296(issue 1). Retrieved March 11, 2008. Will, George F. (2/11/2008). Biofuel follies. Newsweek, vol 151(issue 6). Retrieved March 11, 2008. World Public Opinion. U.S. Public Favors Raising Auto Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) Standards. Mercer University School of Engineering

14. References (Images) http://msnbcmedia4.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/070516/070516_ga s_vmed_4p.widec.jpghttp://msnbcmedia4.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/070516/070516_ga s_vmed_4p.widec.jpg http://tnjn.com/content/storyimage/2006/11/16/Gas_Prices.512.512.jpg http://www.lightrail.com/photos/dallas/cityplacedart2.jpg http://bookstore.teriin.org/images/books/Biofuel-Cover.jpg www.ornl.gov/.../images/a06_hydrogen_full.jpg http://i16.photobucket.com/albums/b43/taurinus88/586x256_EV.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bp2.blogger.com/_GwDYFxb8pi Y/RlWzJvABRTI/AAAAAAAAAdM/UeMmQ8MwiDw/s400/20070516RZ1AP- Ethanol.jpg&imgrefurl=http://chasblogspot.blogspot.com/2008/03/rising-food- costs-due-to- ethanol.html&h=303&w=400&sz=26&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=MYEMRTK 8iZKH6M:&tbnh=94&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcorn%2Bcost%2Bdue %2Bto%2Bethanol%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1B3 DVFA_enUS237US242%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bp2.blogger.com/_GwDYFxb8pi Y/RlWzJvABRTI/AAAAAAAAAdM/UeMmQ8MwiDw/s400/20070516RZ1AP- Ethanol.jpg&imgrefurl=http://chasblogspot.blogspot.com/2008/03/rising-food- costs-due-to- ethanol.html&h=303&w=400&sz=26&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=MYEMRTK 8iZKH6M:&tbnh=94&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcorn%2Bcost%2Bdue %2Bto%2Bethanol%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1B3 DVFA_enUS237US242%26sa%3DG http://www.cse.uconn.edu/icde04/IEEE.logo.jpg http://www.tsa.gov/graphics/images/pie_chart.jpg Mercer University School of Engineering