1. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview The Economics of Biomass Utilization Alison F Davis PhD Department of Agricultural Economics August 14-15, 2008

2. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Outline of Presentation The Costs of Biomass Utilization Ethanol Profitability Kentucky’s 25 x ‘25 initiative The Potential Economic Impact from Renewable Energy Carbon Credits Subsidies August 14-15, 2008

3. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview INPUT PRICES Two hot topics: Corn Transportation

4. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Corn Prices

5. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Corn Acres Planted and Harvested

6. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview The Need for Transportation

7. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Rail and Truck Ethanol Distribution System

8. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview The Need for Rail

9. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Transportation Issues Ethanol demand has increased corn prices and led to expanded corn production, which is affecting grain transportation as corn use shifts from exports and feed use to ethanol production. Most ethanol is currently produced in the Nation’s heartland, but 80 percent of the U.S. population (and therefore implied ethanol demand) lives along its coastlines. Rail and barge demand could decrease if corn exports decrease, but in the short-term increased ethanol and DDGS shipments could offset decreases in rail grain shipments. Truck demand increases In 2005, rail was the primary transportation mode for ethanol, shipping 60% of ethanol production or approximately 2.9 billion gallons of ethanol. Trucks shipped 30% and barges 10%

10. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Ethanol Production and Profitability

11. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Ethanol prices and profits

12. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Gas Prices

13. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Break Even Corn Prices The first break-even price is the price that would allow the ethanol producer to just recover variable costs of production. As long as corn can be purchased below this price, existing ethanol plants will find it economically advantageous to produce ethanol. The second break-even corn price is the price that would allow the ethanol producer to just recover all economic costs of production. As long as corn can be purchased below this price, there would be incentive to expand ethanol production capacities.

14. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview

16. Infrastructure Needs of bioenergy Market Sharp Increases in: Inputs for corn production Corn receiving, drying, storage, farm transporting infrastructure Efficient rail shipping of ethanol & DDGS More tank cars for ethanol movement Electric power generation Water supply systems Research on pipelines for ethanol Retail facilities for E-85, E-20 & E-30 stations

17. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Kentucky’s 25 by ’25 Initiative

18. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Kentucky’s 25 x 25 Initiative Use renewable energy and energy efficiency as a means to get at least 25% of energy from improved technology and renewable resources, such as solar, biomass and biofuels, by the year 2025

19. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Potential Benefits The obvious: Reduce dependence of foreign oil Stimulate economic growth Enhance rural development and profitability Increase manufacturing capability New industries that offer good-paying jobs Retain a large share of energy payments in Kentucky

20. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview How do we reach the goal? Biopower –direct firing, co-firing, gasification Demand Reduction –residential, industrial construction, solar and wind power Biofuels –Transportation fuels made from grains, oil seeds, timber, etc.

21. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Analysis of the Economic Impact and Feasibility of Kentucky Energy Initiative Separated Kentucky into three regions and determined the amount of inputs/crops that would be available for biofuel production Forecasted prices given sensitivity of demand for corn, hay, soybeans, and switchgrass

22. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Kentucky Regions

23. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Sources of Cellulosic Ethanol Assume 20% of the other hay acreage converted to switchgrass plus an additional 5% increase in acreage Collection of crop residues (1 ton/ac of corn stover and 1.25 ton/ac of wheat straw)

24. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Effect of Switchgrass on Hay Price Looked at elasticity's due to increased demand Hay price of $50/ton with no switchgrass Switchgrass would cause price of hay and switchgrass to increase to $63/ton

25. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Potential Gasoline Replacement with Cellulosic Ethanol RegionMaterial Consumed (ton/yr) KY Gasoline Displaced (%) West2,750,0006.6 Central2,868,0006.9 Eastern395,0001.0 Total for State 6,014,00014.5 KY used 2.32 billion gallons of gasoline in 2004 Assuming 25% of hay acreage as switchgrass with a yield of 8 ton/ac

26. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Potential Economic Impact from Producing Ethanol in Kentucky Economic Impact# Jobs Cellulosic Residues (entire state) Construction Operation State Taxes $113 Million $272 Million/yr $2.1 Million/yr 1,912 1,110 Corn (Western) Construction Operation State Taxes $1.03 Million $44.6 Million/yr $308,000 204 444

27. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Biodiesel Production Potential Kentucky used 1.32 bill gal diesel in 2004 25% of wheat acreage and soybean acreage converted to winter canola/double crop sunflower rotation could produce 8.1% of diesel fuel Difficult to achieve 25% of diesel fuel

28. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Future Developments No commercial plants using cellulose to ethanol Capital cost of plant significant Conversion process not fully developed Collection and transportation costs still significant Are people willing to see additional truck traffic? Impact on feed prices and negative impact on livestock industry not included

29. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Overall Limitations Larger ethanol plants, around 100 mgy, are corporate owned, so the additional income will not necessarily stay locally Local inputs are not available currently – Buy local initiative

30. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Tax Credits and Subsidies for Renewable Energy Sources

31. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview

32. Wind Power Legislation extending the PTC provides a one-year extension (through December 31, 2008) of the 1.5-cent/kWh credit for wind, solar, geothermal, and "closed- loop" bioenergy facilities (Adjusted for inflation, the 1.5 cent/kWh tax credit is currently valued at 1.9 cents/kWh).

33. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Solar Power The state has offered very few incentives to encourage utilization of solar power, particularly for the benefit of homeowners. September 2007 – Sales tax exemption for large scale renewable energy projects. Provides the commercial sector an exemption for 100% of sales and use taxes up to a maximum of 50% of the capital investment, and applies to solar energy systems producing at least 50kw.

34. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Economic Effects from Solar Power

35. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Solar Power Federal Incentives (1) Residential Solar Tax Credit: Extends a 30-percent tax credit, created in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, for the purchase of residential solar water heating, photovoltaic equipment, and fuel cell property. Expires after December 31, 2008 (2) Business Solar Tax Credit and Fuel Cell Tax Credit; Extends a 30-percent business credit, established in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, for the purchase of fuel cell power plants, solar energy property, and fiber-optic property used to illuminate the inside of a structure. After December 31, 2008, the credit reverts to a permanent 10-percent level. http://www.seia.org/SEIAManualversion1point2.pdf

36. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Solar Power Incentives Kentucky solar partnership and MACED offer a Solar Water Heater Loan Program, available to both residential and commercial users. This is a monthly installment loan program with 5% down and a relatively low rate of interest for a fixed term of six years Tennessee Valley Authority – Solar or wind power produced by residential or small commercial generators can sell 100% of their output to TVA for 15 cents per kilowatt-hour. An additional $500 incentive to help offset start-up costs is also available

37. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Federal Incentives Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit – provides ethanol blenders with 51 cents per pure gallon of ethanol blended or 0.51 cents per percentage point of ethanol blended. –The common 10 percent ethanol blend qualifies for 5.1 center per gallon –The 85 percent blend, E85, qualifies for 43.35 cents per gallon –This $0.51 per gallon is about $1.35 per bushel of corn used. Continues until 2010 Tax credit for small ethanol plants that produce no more than 60 gallons per year

38. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Biodiesel Tax Credit Biodiesel Blenders Tax Credit This tax credit was extended through 2008 by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. For biodiesel created from virgin oil, producers receive a tax credit of $1.00 per gallon of biodiesel produced. The virgin oil can be obtained from animal fats or oilseeds. Producers of biodiesel from recycled cooking oil are granted a tax credit of $0.50 per gallon.

39. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Small Producer Tax Credit This tax credit was introduced in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and is available to producers of biodiesel or ethanol with annual production of less than 60 million gallons. The tax credit is $0.10 per gallon for the first 15 million gallons of production (a maximum tax credit of $1.5 million per year). The credit is due to expire on December 31, 2008.

40. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit This tax credit was created by section 1342 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. The tax credit is equal to 30% of the cost of alternative refueling property, up to a maximum of $30,000 for businesses and $1,000 for individuals. Biodiesel blends of B20 or more and ethanol blends of E85 or greater qualify as alternative fuels. The tax credit is effective for the period January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2009.

41. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview USDA Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficiency Improvements Program Offers grants and loan guarantees to eligible projects located in rural areas. Projects that generate energy from renewable sources (including biodiesel and ethanol) are eligible for grants of up to $500,000 and loan guarantees of up to $10,000,000. Grant requests are limited to 25% of the total project costs and loan guarantees are limited to 50% of the total project costs. Applicants must demonstrate financial need to be eligible for a grant from the program.

42. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Federal Incentives continued 54 cent tariff on imported ethanol through 2009 (aimed at Brazilian sugar cane producers)

43. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Incentives- State Incentives that could cover up to half the capital investment in a project that creates alternative fuel from biomass or that creates energy from renewable energy sources. –Qualifications Capital investment at least $25 million (biofuels) or $1 million (biopower) Incentives can include advances for labor costs, tax credit of 100% of income tax, 100% of sales and use taxes during construction Biodiesel tax credit of $1 per gallon is expanded to include renewable diesel, caps have been raised. Also a tax credit of $1 per gallon for biofuels.

44. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Another incentive programs (indirect) Carbon Credit Trading August 14-15, 2008

45. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Carbon Credit Trading The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) first traded 100 metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2003 and has grown considerably over the past five years. This is a private, voluntary trading program where there is financial value received for carbon credits. August 14-15, 2008

46. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Definition of Carbon Credits Carbon Credits are credits for the carbon that has been sequestered as a result of the efforts of farmers and/or landowners to minimize the release of Greenhouse Gas emissions into the atmosphere. August 14-15, 2008

47. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Carbon Credits Continued Soil Projects – Soil Projects earn Offsets for carbon stocks that are built in the soil through the photosynthetic process. For instance, for every year that a farmer uses conservation tillage practices, he is preventing the release of that carbon into the atmosphere. Through a Carbon Credit Program, the farmer is issued an offset for the carbon that he sequesters in the soil by the no-till practice. These credits are issued on a per acre basis and have financial value. The credits are traded as a commodity on an exchange that is modeled after the Chicago Board of Trade. In a similar fashion, offsets can be earned by farmers who establish acres into permanent grass cover. August 14-15, 2008

48. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Carbon Credits Continued Forestry Projects – Forestry Projects earn Offsets for carbon stocks that are built in forest biomass (not the soil). Forest Projects are typically allowed considerably higher sequestration rates than Soil Projects August 14-15, 2008

49. Biomass to Biofuels: An Overview Methane Capture Some new bills in 2007, such as the Low Carbon Economy Act of 2007, were introduced that discussed the reduction of all six greenhouse gases. These projects may include landfill methane reductions, animal waste or municipal wastewater methane reductions, and coal mine methane projects. August 14-15, 2008