1. Sources of Energy
Objectives: To develop an understanding of Different sources of energy.
Agenda: Take notes, take out a separate sheet of paper to write questions and answers on as we go through the slides.

2. BIOFUELS, BIODIVERSITY AND ENERGY SECURITY: What are the environmental and social impacts?

3. Converting food crops into biofuel “is a crime against humanity.”
Jean Zeigler, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, October 2007
Respond to this statement…what does it mean to you? Why would Zeigler say this?

4. Energy Energy security
2007: Problems with oil supply became dramatic
Energy
What does this picture mean to you? What is this picture of? Which conflict if any do you think this was from? Why?
Energy security

5. “Let’s face it. It’s all about olive oil.”

6. Energy
prices

8. What would it mean to you if gas went up to $6. 00 a gallon
What would it mean to you if gas went up to $6.00 a gallon? What would you be willing to give up?
Movies?
Fast food?
Make up?
Shopping for clothes?

10. And of course the threat of climate change

11. This Ferrari F430 runs on biofuel

12. A post-petroleum future?

13. How will the poor adapt to more expensive oil?

14. An iPod still needs energy

15. But another concern is rural livelihoods
But another concern is rural livelihoods. What does bioenergy mean for farmers?

16. Globally, 2 billion people rely on traditional biomass fuels.
Nepal: 90% of energy comes from fuelwood
Domestic use of roundwood
for fuel:
98% in Lebanon
66% in Jordan
44% in Turkey
Globally, 2 billion people rely on traditional biomass fuels.

17. Our modern societies are dependent on high energy use
Where are the highest concentrations of energy? Why? Explain your answer.

18. “Can you believe it? Since we installed our wood-burning stove we’ve spent next to nothing on heating oil.”

21. BP Oil Spill in Gulf- Deep Water

22. April 20, 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
Gushing approx 62,000 barrels of crude oil per day
Caused extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitat
Up to 4,200 square miles of the gulf were impacted
Clean up still happening, impact still there

24. What about alternative sources of oil?

25. Alberta’s tar sands contain billions of barrels of oil, but current yield is only 1 million barrels per day and requires 3-10 barrels of water for each barrel of oil. Maximum possible production: 3 million barrels per day

26. Coal remains a major
source of energy

27. We need to look at all the options Analyze and explain the predicted trends
Source: International Energy Agency

29. Alternatives to oil: Human power

30. Bicycles played a critical role in the Vietnam war

32. Alternatives to Oil: Biomass

33. Biofuel yields of selected first generation ethanol and biodiesel feedstock

34. Some market information…
Biofuel market development during the last 5 years: now ~3% global gasoline consumption
Biofuels may share ~10% of world fuel use for transport by 2025
Less than 10% of global biofuels production is internationally traded
But important expansion in global trade: key consumers (EU, US, and Japan) will not have the domestic capacity to meet internal demand

35. Biodiesel
Produced from seeds such as palm, jatropha, canola, sunflower and soy

36. Rail line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with Jatropha and the trains run on 15-20% biodiesel

38. Dangers of Jatropha Highly invasive Useless for food or fodder
Requires water and fertilizer
Requires processing facilities

40. 2000-2005, Indonesia planted 1.6 million ha
of oil palm, with US$110 million in government
subsidies million ha of forest were lost.

41. Forest growing on peat soils in Indonesia are burned to make way for oil palm plantations
Releasing more carbon than
will ever be stored by the palms

42. What does this picture represent in terms of energy?

44. May 16, 2011
Objectives: To develop a better understanding of bioenergy and biofuels.
Question: What is an example of a biofuel?
Agenda: Notes: also 2 pieces of paper 1 for questions.

45. Some of the diesel fuel from Indonesian
oil palm went to feed this truck

46. Explain the message in this picture.

47. World fuel ethanol production

50. Sugarcane produces the most ethanol per hectare
Burning of sugarcane fields before
harvesting emits carbon
One million jobs, mostly low-paying
In Brazil, sugarcane
fields lose up to 30
tons of topsoil per
ha per year
By 2014, all fields must be mechanized and cannot burn, what can this mean for smaller farmers?

52. How can deforestation lead to soil loss and/or erosion?

53. Explain the message in this cartoon.

54. Using US maize to produce ethanol increased tortilla price in Mexico

55. The cost of producing Beer in Germany is increasing, as farmers turn from growing barley to growing biofuels….waaaaaaaa….boo hooooo….too bad

56. The European Commissioner for Agriculture cancelled subsidies for set-asides in 2008, because of demand for biofuels. The EU mandated that biofuel must provide 5.6% of transport energy by 2010.
Policy may have gotten ahead of science

57. U.S. Mandate on ethanol “Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007”
Automobiles must have an average of 35 mpg by 2015
36 bn gallons of biofuels in
Production by 2022
Does this mean that all Vehicles should be retrofitted to achieve this?

58. “Second generation” biofuels
produced from agricultural waste, wood and grasses

59. …or this?
This….

61. And what about the small farmer?

62. “Third generation” biofuels?
Colorado’s Solix Biofuels harvests algae with a field of bioreactors that take a kind of painter’s drop cloth to bubble CO through its system

63. Algae
Algae production has the potential to outperform other potential biodiesel products such as palm or corn.
For example, a 100-acre algae biodiesel plant could potentially produce 10 million gallons of biodiesel in a single year.
Experts estimate it will take 140 billion gallons of algae biodiesel to replace petroleum-based products each year.
To reach this goal, algae biodiesel companies will only need about 95 million acres of land to build biodiesel plants, compared to billions of acres for other biodiesel products.

64. Marine algae:
10 times the oil content of oil palm
(Botryococcus braunii produce 75%
of their dry weight as hydrocarbons)
Sooo….what could be some determents to algae?

65. On energy the answer is easy

66. Potential Reductions in GHG Emissions by Feedstock Type
On climate, what is the best feedstock?
Potential Reductions in GHG Emissions by Feedstock Type

67. Social justice raises more difficult issues

68. Some key complexities of bioenergy remain
Diverse components: Feedstock supply, conversion technology, and energy use
Diverse economic, social, and environmental factors
Diverse scales, from local to international
Diverse objectives, from energy autonomy at the local level to serving international markets
What should be the basis for the necessary trade-offs?

69. Three main systems of biomass production for energy
System 1. Small-holder production for local use
System 2. Small-holder production with commercial processing
System 3. Medium- and large-scale commercial production

70. System 1. A multifunctional landscape with bioenergy potential

71. System 2. Canola in France is often sold commercially by smallholders

72. Enkoping, Sweden: First European
town powered by bioenergy

73. System 3. Maize and sugarcane are often grown commercially for external markets

74. The US has 113 ethanol distilleries and 77 more are under construction.
Potential capacity: Over 44 billion liters (about 5% of US fuel consumption)
“Business Advisory: 16 Ethanol Plants Filing Bankruptcy, Many More to Come” DTN 20 June 2008.

75. Final 5
What is the most efficient biofuel? Why?

76. (Source: Milder et al., 2008)