1. www.clean-drive.eu CLEAN DRIVE Technology and the Future of the Car Contract: IEE/09/688/SI2.558236 Duration:17.04.2010 to 16.04.2013 Created: 16.04.2011

2. www.clean-drive.eu Clean Vehicles and biofuels a possibility…

3. www.clean-drive.eu Clean or Green Vehicle? A clean vehicle is a vehicle that is considered to be environmentally friendly. A green vehicle (or green car) is a subset of clean vehicles use alternative fuel sources to run and are also called alternative fuel cars. Alternative fuels: 1.Compressed Natural Gas 2.Liquified Petroleum Gas 3.Electricity 4.Hydrogen Both alternative fuels and more energy efficient cars are neessary!

4. www.clean-drive.eu Clean Vehicles = Win-Win 1.Lower fuel consumption = lower fuel cost per km 2.Lower tax for the driver and the company 3.Better value for the used car 4.Cheaper fuel 5.Free parking in some counties 6.Subsidies for purchase 7.No congestion taxes 8.No tolls in some jurisdictions 9.Profile and marketing value

5. www.clean-drive.eu Alternative fuel vehicles Hybrid vehicles (combine 2 or more propulsion systems) Electric vehicles (propelled by electric motors) Gas Natural Gas ( mostly methane) Liquified Petroleum Gas ( propane and butane mixture) Bio-fuels (made from plant materials, crops and from recycled waste) Bio-diesel (modification of vegetable oils (rapeseed, palm, sunflower, recycled etc.). EN14214. Bio-ethanol (fermentation of sugar, starch or cellulose in plants like corn and sugar cane) Bio-gas (anaerobic decomposition of organic waste) Hydrogen (use Hydrogen as the primary source of power)

6. www.clean-drive.eu Hybrid vehicles A hybrid vehicle has both, an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. Hybrids are cleaner and more efficient than conventional vehicles and their running costs are lower, but they cost more to buy. Can depend on how they are used. Advantages Reduction of fuel consumption Electric engine reasonable in inner-city areas Disadvantages Higher weight Higher costs Hybrid cars appear to be only a temporary solution however reasonable in many cases at the moment.

7. www.clean-drive.eu Electric Vehicles Around since 1830s, number of types: 1.Battery 2.Battery charged by on board engine 3.Battery charged by on board engine 4.On board engine powering a fuel cell 5.Direct connection to power source – trams Suffer from range anxiety, urban performance is good (smaller distances and regenerative braking is more frequent. Higher capital costs but significantly lower running costs

8. www.clean-drive.eu Biodiesel Can replace diesel and made from vegetable oil from: 1.Crops sunflower, soy, olive, palm and rapeseed 2.Waste cooking oil, animal fats, grease and tallow 1,550L per hectare Often blended – 5% now common Vegetable oil 5%-20% mix, larger requires modifications EU agreed 10% target by 2020 Bio-NETT supported regional supply chains Government licensing system means imports EN 14214 Quality standard Rubber gaskets need to be checked over 5% EU global leader

9. www.clean-drive.eu Bioethanol Brazil and the USA largest producers Fermentation sugar, starch or cellulose feedstocks Technologies are not yet mature Costs more than manufacturing petrol from crude Needs support for the fuel supply infrastructure 5% blend. EN 228 standard. 85% ethanol car Air fuel ratio important may need adjustment Use of cellulosic material or use of waste from food production can improve the economy

10. www.clean-drive.eu Biogas Biogas is produced from anaerobic decomposition by microbes of slurry from farms in Denmark there are examples of biogas production from human sewerage (1:6). Upgrading biogas removes CO 2 (30-45%). 4000 EU production sites. Pure or bi-fuel Need standards so that CO 2 is less than 1%.

11. www.clean-drive.eu Hydrogen Hydrogen lightest element that’s why it escapes from earth and the atmosphere Highest energy content of all fuels by weight and the lowest energy content by volume It is a gas at normal temperature and pressure It is used in combustion engines or fuel cells which convert the hydrogen into electricity which then runs an electric motor Exhaust is water vapour Can be produced from renewable energy like wind or solar PV Expensive capital and running costs Hydrogen must be produced sustainably

12. www.clean-drive.eu Solar Cars Solar panels on the surface of a light weight car power an electric motor No exhaust fumes, GHG’s etc. Quiet as per electric cars No fuel costs Technology is not ready – experimental Limited distances without sun PV Solar panels are fragile So far equipped for just for one or two passengers

13. www.clean-drive.eu Decrease of emissions – 2 ways Contract: IEE/09/688/SI2.558236 Duration:17.04.2010 to 16.04.2013 Created: 10.03.2011 Source: Transport & Environment 2010

14. www.clean-drive.eu The Irish Car fleet changing The combined car sales in 2007 of the A,B and C bands was just 40% while that in 2011 was 95%

15. www.clean-drive.eu CO 2 -emissions from new cars is reducing Diesel increasing Petrol decreasing Electric increasing 158

16. www.clean-drive.eu Share of biofuels in Ireland The Irish specification for transport Diesel permits the blending of up to 7% (V/V) of Biodiesel know as Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The Irish biofuels industry died on Jan 1, 2011 when a government tax relief scheme designed to foster the sector was replaced by the Biofuel Obligation Scheme. As a result, almost all of the country’s bioethanol, biodiesel, and oil–crushing plants were switched off and we now import what we need. EU directives commit us to sourcing 10% of our transport energy from sustainable sources by 2020. The biofuel obligation will increase incrementally from it’s current 4% as we approach that date, leading ultimately to a market size approaching 500m litres of biofuel. As it stands, very little of that fuel will be Irish. The Irish specification for petrol permits the blending of up to 5% (V/V) of Ethanol.

17. www.clean-drive.eu CO2-emissions still high in some EU-countries