1. CLEAN ENERGY FROM WASTE István Barta managing director, Bio-Genezis Environmental Ltd. www.bio-genezis.hu

2. WASTE OR ENERGY?

3. AMOUNT OF MSW IN HUNGARY 90 000120 000 210 000 Thousand t Year

4. soil cover gravel layer 2 x 25 cm mineral insulating layer gas release layer 50 cm thick deposited non hazardous waste geotextile 200 g/m 2 draining layer Geotextile 1200 g/m 2 HDPE liner 2,5 mm thick geo-electronic sensor system mineral lining layer, min 50 cm Closing: Bottom lining: LANDFILL BOTTOM LINING AND CLOSING

5. 0 20 40 60 80 100 I IIIIIIVV % GENERATION AND COMPOSITION OF LANDFILL GAS N2N2 CO 2 CH 4 N2N2 O2O2 O2O2 Time I. Phase: aerob decomposition II. Phase: anaerobic conditions begin to develop III.Phase: acid phase (facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria) (pH ≈ 5) IV.Phase: methane fermentation phase (pH ≈ 6.8-8) V. Phase: maturation phase (slowly biodegradable waste) H2H2

6. MonthN2N2 CO 2 CH 4 0-35,2885 3-63,87621 6-120,46529 12-181,15240 18-240,45347 24-300,25248 30-361,34651 36-420,95047 42-480,45148 GENERATION OF LANDFILL GAS 48 MONTHS AFTER CLOSING

7. DURING OPERATION Solid Waste Soil Evapo- transpiration Precipitation Top percolate Surface runoff MOISTURE BALANCE FOR LANDFILL

8. AFTER CLOSING Solid waste Surface runoff Geomembran liner Closing layer Intercepted percolate Sand MOISTURE BALANCE FOR LANDFILL Evapo- transpiration Precipitation

9. EFFECT OF REDUCED MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE PRODUCTION OF LANDFILL GAS Adequate moisture content to support anaerob digestion Inadequate moisture content to support anaerob digestion year m 3 /y

10. DESCRIPTION % (dry volume basis) CO 2 eq CO 2 40-601 CH 4 45-6021 N2-5296 Sulfids, disulfids, etc. (S) 0-1,022 200 Trace constituents0,01-0,6500-25 000 COMPOSITION OF LANDFILL GAS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO GREENHOUSE EFFECT

11. ∑CH 4 emission= 6 954 615 t CO 2 equvalent= 153 001 530 t Emission t/y Year THEORETICAL CH 4 EMISSION ORIGINATING FROM MSW FROM 1990 TILL 2030 Emission Total emission Annual emmission

12. DESCRIPTIONUnits Generated Waste (1990-2030) ≈ 210 million t Methane emission (CH 4 )≈ 7 million t Greenhouse gases CO 2 eq.≈ 150 million t Total energy content of generated waste ≈ 1.200 million GJ - energy content of emited CH 4 ≈ 350 million GJ - energy content of the landfilled plastic ≈ 850 million GJ WASTE OR ENERGY?

13. DESCRIPTION 2008Biogas Energy content Total CO 2 eq Million tMill Nm3/aPJ/aMill t/a Non-hazardous waste from agriculture and food industry 3,0 300 6,9 2,9 Non-hazardous industrial waste 18,0 720 16,6 7,1 MSW 5,2 1 040 23,9 10,2 Waste water 4,6 37 0,8 0,4 Waste water sludge 1,5 113 2,6 1,1 Hazardous waste 4,1 205 4,7 2,0 Total 36,4 2 414 55,5 23,7 Amount & Energy Content of Bio-waste and Its Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Effect (Hungary)

15. Estimated data Measurements Forecast 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 [ o C ] 100015002000 Year CHANGES IN GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE

16. COMPARISION OF BIOFUELS Name of biofuelYield Biofuel (l/t) Quantity l/haDiesel-oil eq. Km/ha R ape-oil 3,44351.4801.420,820.300 Biodiesel 3,44551.5501.410,520.150 Bioetanol-crops 6,63872.5501.683,021.500 Bioethanol-sugar beet 40,01084.3202.851.235.640 Bioethanol- sugarcane 57,0 935.3003.498,043.725 Biomass to liquid 15,02694.0303.909,155.850 Bio-methane 45,0 110 (Nm 3 /t) 4.950 (Nm 3 /ha) 3.712,546.406

17. The amount of biofuel produced on 1 ha of agricultural land is enough for driving around the Globe once…

18. HOWEVER!!! twice as much energy is needed for the production of the biofuel itself!

19. ENERGY EFFICIENCY Energy from Energy Crops ENERGY CONTENT OF OUTPUT MATERIAL  TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENTS TECHNOLOGY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF INPUT MATERIAL PRODUCTION WASTE ENERGY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE TECHNOLOGY ENERGY CONTENT OF OUTPUT MATERIAL = ∑E o(1-n) ∑E i(1-n) < 1 [ ≈ 0,1-0,5] = E i1 E i2 EWEW EoEo

20. ENERGY EFFICIENCY Energy from Waste > 1 [ ≈ 3,0-5,0] TECHNOLOGY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF INPUT MATERIAL PRODUCTION WASTE ENERGY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE TECHNOLOGY ENERGY CONTENT OF OUTPUT MATERIAL E i1 E i2 EWEW EoEo ENERGY CONTENT OF OUTPUT MATERIAL  = ∑E o(1-n) ∑E i(1-n) = TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

21. 12 000 t/év Energy Source Sun Wood-waste Wood-cut Saw-dust Grass,maize clover Rape-oil Used oil Solar energy Biomass combustion Pyrolysis Biomass combustion Thermic gassification Esterification Technology Energy Fuel Natural Gas Electricity Heating/Cooling Power Grid Gas emgines Gas Steam turbine Steam Gas engine Combusting cell Gas cleaning Fischer-Tropsch District heating Bio-diesel Gas Biogass Bio-Methan Synthetic fuel Grain Digestion Distillation Glycerin Oil-cake Bio-Ethanol DDGS Cellulose Waste Gassification Methanol synthesis Synthetic-Methanol Biomass

22. We are looking for partners to develop - 2nd, 3rd generation - technologies for the utilization of: municipal solid waste, - wastewater, - animal manure, - agricultural byproducts, - forestry byproducts, - wastes from food industry

23. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION! István Barta managing director, Bio-Genezis Environmental Ltd. www.bio-genezis.hu