1. Green Algae (Chlorophytes)

2. Green Algae Diversity I
“Chlorella”
“Chlamydomonas”
“Carteria” 20

3. Green Algae Diversity I
Helicosporidium

4. Green Algae Diversity I
Haematococcus

5. Green Algae Diversity I (Chlamydomonas)
Only different mating types (“+”, “-”) are capable of fertilization

6. “Desmids” Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids Cosmarium Triploceras
Micrasterias
Euastrum
Staurastrum
Each cell consists of two semi-cells
Triploceras
“Desmids”
Closterium
Spondylosium

7. Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids
Structure
Cell walls have pores for mucilage secretion
Semicells
Isthmus, Sinus
Pores
Mucilage

8. Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Zygote

9. Green Algae Diversity III
Scenedesmus
Coelastrum
“Pediastrum”
Ankistrodesmus
Hydrodictyon

10. Green Algae Diversity IV
Flattened
Sac-Like
Tetraspora
Gonium
Platydorina
Spherical
Pandorina
(8 or 16 Cells)
Eudorina
(16 or 32 Cells)
“Volvox”
500 – Thousands of Cells

11. Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)
Somatic Cells
Gonidia
Small, flagellated, cells (with eyespot)
Connected by cytoplasmic strands
Impart motility to colony
Incapable of cell division
(regA gene)
“Altruism”
Larger, flagellated located at colony
posterior
Capable of cell division
(regA gene inhibited)
Form hollow balls of
flagellated cells inside the
colony (“Daughter Colonies”)
Flagellated Somatic Cells contained by protoplasmic connections
Flagellated Somatic Cells impart motility to colony
Flagellated Somatic Cells can not divide, a state determined by product
of a regulatory gene (“regA”)
(Knocking out this gene may restore ability of somatic cells to divide)
Somatic cells are possible examples of “altruism”

12. Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)
Asexual Reproduction
Daughter Colony Release
Daughter Colony Inversion through
pore (phialopore)

13. Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)
(Sexual Reproduction)
Male
Female
Fertilization
Gonidia form sperm
packets, invert
Sperm packets release
Gonidia form Eggs

14. Occasionally, zygotes are spiny
Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)
(Sexual Reproduction)
Zygote Formation
Zygote Meiosis to form
Biflagellated Spores
Only one biflagellated spore
survives
Division of this spore regenerates
colony
Occasionally, zygotes are spiny
(Hypnozygote)

15. Green Algae Diversity V
Ulothrix
Oedogonium
Spirogyra
Zygnema

16. Green Algae Diversity V
Sexual Reproduction
Zygote Release
Meiosis
Spore Release
Spore Germination
Gamete Formation
Fertilization
Oedogonium

17. Green Algae Diversity V
Sexual Reproduction
Zygote Formation
Meiosis to Form Spores
Conjugation Tube
Formation
Gamete Formation
Fertilization
Spirogyra

18. Green Algae Diversity VI24
Cladophora

19. Green Algae Diversity VI
Trentepohlia

20. Green Algae Diversity VIII
Ulva
Coleochaete

21. Green Algae Diversity VIII
Sexual Life Cycle
Ulva

22. Green Algae Diversity IX
Penicillus
Acetabularia
Chara
Bryopsis
Caulerpa

23. Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 1

24. Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 2

25. Green Algae: Ecology
Marine
Freshwater

26. Green Algae: Ecology
Haematococcus
Trentepohlia

27. Green Algae: Ecology
Chlamydomonas
nivalis

28. Green Algae: Ecology
Jacques Cousteau Institute
Caulerpa

29. Green Algae: Ecology

30. Green Algae: Ecology Helicosporidium
Parasite of collebolids, cladocerans, mites, scarab beetles, black flies, mosquitoes
Helicosporidium

31. Green Algae: Physiology
Chlamydomonas

32. Green Algae: Genetics
(Hammerling 1930s)

33. Green Algae: Evolution
Chara

34. Green Algae: Evolution
GR ALG
PLANTS
GR ALG
GR ALG
GR ALG
GR ALG

35. Green Algae: Evolution

36. Green Algae: Evolution
Horizontal Gene Transfer

37. Green Algae: Evolution
14 Euglena 13

38. Green Algae: Biofuels

39. Green Algae: Biofuels

40. with about 70-percent less carbon emissions than petroleum-based equivalents. They claim it doesn’t impact agricultural crops, land, or water.
Green Algae: Biofuels
SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO – Columbus will be home to Luna County’s first green energy facility—literally green, in this case. Algae will be cultivated by Sapphire Energy in man-made ponds about 8 miles west of Columbus on the Mexican border, to later be converted to a green goop called algae-based biofuel, oilgae, or algal fuel. “This will be the first Sapphire facility in the country,” says Tim Zenk, spokesperson for Sapphire Energy in San Diego. “We’re looking at different geographies,” says Zenk. “Now our focus is on New Mexico.” Luna County is considered ideal for algae-based biofuel because of the flat desert conditions, the high level of sunlight, and the large amount of underground salt water.

41. Green Algae - Characteristics

42. Green Algae - Flagella
Carteria
Chlamydomonas

43. Green Algae – Cell Wall
(Some)
(Many)
(A Few)

44. Green Algae – Chloroplast
Two surrounding membranes

45. Green Algae – Chloroplast

46. Green Algae – Chloroplast

47. Green Algae: Evolution
Large Subunit
Small Subunit
Rubisco
Horizontal Gene Transfer

48. Green Algae – Chloroplast
S = Starch
Py = Pyrenoid
Starch stored in stroma
Fig in Graham et al. 2009

49. Green Algae – Mitosis

50. Green Algae - Cytokinesis
Furrowing
Furrowing
Cell Plate
Phycoplast
Phragmoplast
Phragmoplast

51. Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction
Chlamydomonas

52. Volvox Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Autocolony Formation
Release
Gonidia
Volvox

53. Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction
Oedogonium

54. Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction
Spirogyra

55. Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction
Chlamydomonas

56. Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction
Male
Female
Fertilization
Gonidia form sperm
packets, invert
Sperm packets release
Gonidia form Eggs
Volvox

57. Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction
Zygote Release
Meiosis
Spore Release
Spore Germination
Gamete Formation
Fertilization
Oedogonium

58. Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction
Zygote Formation
Meiosis to Form Spores
Conjugation Tube
Formation
Gamete Formation
Fertilization
Spirogyra

59. Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction
Egg (n)
Zygote (n)
Sperm Filaments (n)

60. Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction
Ulva

61. Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

62. Eukaryotic Plastid Phylogeny

63. Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

64. Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics I

65. Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics II

66. Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

67. ? Acellular Slime Molds Cellular Slime Molds
Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny: “Fungi” ?
Acellular Slime Molds
(Physarum)
Cellular Slime Molds
(Dictyostelium)

68. 5 http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara.jpg1
Chlamydomonas_nivalis_x1000b.jpg 2 3
LB%20933%20Oedogonium%20foveolatum.jpg 4 5 6 7
Zygote_MC_.tn.jpg 8
20images/Egerod%20Caulerpa%20lentillifera%20300%20dpi%20web%20
image.jpg

69. 9 http://www.geneseo.edu/~Bosch/Ecology/Caulerpa.jpg10 11 12
Acetabularia_pics/Acetabularia_300.jpg 13 14
Euglena_n4_dollartow56_402_b.jpg 15 16

70. 17 http://botit. botany. wisc17 18 19
Chlorophyta/SpirogyraBig500.jpg 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

71. 27 http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/images/100images/nies-0211.jpg28
graphics/g/chl_oedogonium.jpg 29 30
Lilies%20Flower%20Bouquet.jpg 31