2.  History of biofuels  Inconsistencies with biofuels?  Projects  Algenol Company  Sapphire Energy Company  Where biofuels are now  Trends that will shape the future

3.  The engine?  Rudolf Diesel invented his engine to work primarily with vegetable oil  Henry Ford intended his Model T to run on ethanol (grew up on a farm….)  Forced out by the supply, price, and efficiency of petroleum.  Events to come back to biofuels  1970: Passage of the Clean Air Act  Allows EPA to regulate emission standards…  Amended in 1990  1973: Arab oil embargo  1978: Iranian Revolution  August 1982: International Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils  1992: Energy Policy Act passed by the EPA  Increased use of alternative energy by the US government  Amended in 1998 specifically included biodiesel

4.  Will destroy food supply  It will increase emissions  Clear cut for increase crops  Increase food prices  Less crops for food  “Will complicate and worsen a number of social and environmental problems”  Oil Change International ARE THESE THE FACTS?

5. BIOFUELS MADE FROM ALGAE  Decrease food supply?.......We don’t eat algae  Increase emissions by clear cut?......No clear cutting is needed  Increase cost of food?……covered that already  I fail to see how fuels will put a strain on social and ecological systems

6.  Algenol’s new idea?  Developed the technology in 1980’s  Began commerical effort when crude hit $50 barrel (2006)  As of 1/6/11, crude is $135 a barrel  There are over 10,000 strains of algae  Algenol does not cultivate its algae  It siphons produced ethanol by its bioreactor tubes How does Algae produce biofuel? Wastewater + CO 2 + Sunlight + Algae = Ethanol + Biodiesel + Other Products That Used to Use Petroleum + WATER (is used to grow the algae) Bottom line: Algae is 100% renewable with no harmful effects on the environment and is closed looped

7.  $850 million to build an algae farm in the Sonoran Desert  Ethanol at constant $3 per gallon  Aim to produce 6000 gallons per acre per year  Production begins by the end of 2010  Production costs = 85 cents per gallon  By 2012 – 1 billion gallons annually

8.  Sapphire Energy in New Mexico  Why New Mexico?  Flat desert conditions  High level of sunlight  Large amount of underground salt water  100% renewable resource  Received $104.5 million (federal funding)  $50 million from Department of Energy  $54.5 million from Department of Agriculture  Private investors?  Wellcome Trust  Cascade (owned by Bill Gates)  Venrock (Rockfeller)  ARCH Venture Partners

9.  300 acre integrated algal biorefinery  1 million gallons of diesel and jet fuel per year by 2011  100 million gallons by 2018  1 billion gallons by 2025  SO WHERE DOES THAT LEAVE US?  Assuming that efficiency does not play a role…  Biofuel mixed with petroleum so an accurate comparison is difficult  U.S. ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION (numbers are not strictly transportation)  42 gallons = 1 barrel  6.85 billion barrels of oil in 2009  6.99 billion barrels of oil in 2010  293.58 BILLION GALLONS PER YEAR

10.  Biofuels play a minute role in the grand scheme  Oil price increase, increase investment in biofuels  Critics to biofuels?  Don’t know the facts yet still attempt to derail efforts  Businesses will invest?  New jobs!!!!!!  750 jobs to build the algae farm (Sapphire)

11.  Biodiesel can run in a standard diesel engine with no modifications to the engine (Bioethanol as well)  Oil companies will have to take a risk  Decreasing oil supply vs. unlimited algae supply  Political pressure?  Nothing is going to change with the current infrastructure…  Social change is necessary?  Hummer and “soccer mom” van?  Bigger is not always better… So what does the future look like…? o ECONOMIC TRENDS!!! o As gas prices increase (due to the supply of oil decreasing) consumers will want to by cheaper fuel…the fuel of the future

12. http://lugar.senate.gov/energy/graphs/sector.html http://priceofoil.org/2009/08/17/policy-re-think-needed-for- biofuels-bogeyman/ http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative- fuels/biodiesel2.htm http://www.algenolbiofuels.com/cnetalgaefarmmexico061608- 2.pdf http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/biofuel/4 333722 http://www.sapphireenergy.com/news-article/86040-green- energy-in-new-mexico-man-made http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=33&t=6 http://www.solarpowerwindenergy.org/2011/01/30/efficiency -of-biofuels/ http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF- 8&q=barrel+of+oil+to+gallons%3F#sclient=psy&hl=en&tbm=nws &source=hp&q=1+barrel+of+oil+to+gallons%3F&aq=f&aqi=&aql= &oq=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=bfaf2b1ed4d1de2

13. http://www.greencitizens.net/news/archive.php?c_nam http://www.bigpictureblog.info/?p=120e=Energy&month=July%2010 http://ecoble.com/2008/02/25/7-brilliant-but-questionable-eco-power-innovations/ https://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Parry.Saulenas http://www.ceres.net/aboutus/AboutUs-Biofuels-Advantage.html http://gas2.org/2011/04/22/algea-based-fuels-could-cut-foreign-oil-use-by-17/ http://domesticfuel.com/2010/08/16/investments-spark-speculation-on-algal-biodiesel/ http://richc.myarchive.us/2009/10/algae-based-biofuelbiodiesel-highlighted/ http://lugar.senate.gov/energy/graphs/sector.html http://peakoil.com/what-is-peak-oil/ http://guayuleblog.com/29/alternative-energy/world-needs-alternatives-to-biofuels-from-food-crops/ http://domesticfuel.com/2008/06/11/algae-ethanol-coming-soon/ http://www.heroicinvesting.com/price-of-oil-expected-to-top-out-here-in-2011 http://seekingalpha.com/article/263639-oil-forecast-for-second-quarter-2011 http://www.tflcar.com/2010/11/why-pay-for-gasoline-when-you-can-now-fuel-up-your-car-with-algae.html http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2008-07/britain-finally-sees-light-admits-biofuels-are-bad-news http://fl912-windsor.blogspot.com/ http://www.waymotor.com/list_details.php?id=1&sub=Unique%20Cars http://www.tirereview.com/article/78011/vehicle_and_tire_changes_caused_by_cafe_standards.aspx http://venturebeat.com/2008/05/29/sapphire-energy-gets-open-checkbook-from-investors-for-algae-based-gasoline/ http://www.sandiego.com/business/sapphire-energy-biofuel-from-algae http://revolutionarypolitics.com/?p=5441 http://inhabitat.com/transportation-tuesday-worlds-first-biodiesel-jet/ http://www.clipartof.com/interior_wall_decor/details/Blue-Globe-Circled-By-A-Green-Vine-With-A-Large-Nozzle-Dripping-Green-Bio-Fuel-Poster- Art-Print-30314