1. Soil ecosystem services their value and use in promoting sustainable farming Katarina Hedlund Lund university SOIL SERVICE project (FP7)

2. Agriculture and soil threats Decline in:Lead to: soil carbonsoil erosion biological activitysoil compaction soil biodiversityreduced resistance to pests reduced nutrient provisioning Intensification of agriculture

3. Soil is a natural capital Ecosystem services Nutrient retention Carbon storage Water retention Resistance to pests Regulation of above ground diversity Ecosystem goods Food Feed Biofuel Clean water Climate mitigation Soil biodiversity Actions and inter- actions among soil organisms feeding digging burrows mycorrhiza

4. SOIL SERVICE study regions Regions for soil biodiversity and farm economy studies

5. Soil biodiversity and agriculture soil biodiversity—correlated to ecosystem services

6. Soil biodiversity & intensive agriculture Reduce species diversity Lower food chain length Soil carbon: 10 – 0.8 %C Soil nitrogen: 0.4 - 0.1%N Phosphorous uptake by AM fungi: from 150 to 15 kg/ha Reduced soil mixing: from 100 to 5 tons/ha Reduction of soil aggregates: more than 50% Pastures to crop rotation :

7. Value of the soil ecosystem services Value to farmers Fertile soils Water retention Less erosion Less use of –fertilizers –pesticides Value to society Reduce eutrofication Clean water Carbon retention €?

8. Agricultural production functions 0.2 % C between the treatments Farm A Farm B

9. Economic valuation: Carbon a currency for natural capital

10. Long term decline of soil-C in Europe

11. Optimal use of soil C Optimal yield Optimal fertiliser use

12. Carbon a natural capital

13. Scenarios for predicting the future ScenarioWorld Market Regional Enterprise Global Sustainability Local Stewardship Yield increaseHighMedium Low Crop PriceLow Medium Energy priceLowMedium High Global popLowHighLowMedium Adopted from the ACCELERATES project ( Abildtrup, et al. 2006

14. Farm profits and C change in 2035 No change in C2010WMREGSLS Yield (kg/ha) 7 90713 67310 85810 8248 295 Total revenues (€/ha) 1 8322 3642 2232 5912 233 Farmers profit (€/ha) 8131 3211 0841 160 783 C change - 0.5 %/yr WMREGSLS Yield (kg/ha) 13 14410 43810 4067 974 Total revenues (€/ha) 2 0571 9352 2551 944 Farmers profit (€/ha) 974 742 753 416 C change +0.5 %/yr WMREGSLS Yield (kg/ha) 13 95311 08111 0468 464 Total revenues (€/ha) 2 7092 5482 9702 560 Farmers profit (€/ha) 1 7031 4571 6031 179

15. Insurance value of conserving soil-C production risk –wheather –pest outbreaks market risk –food price volatility –increasing fertiliser prices –increasing energy prices 3 Swedish farms

16. How can we affect Soil C ManagementC decline per year Intensive cereal production-1.0%UK Inorganic fertilisers-0.5%SE Farm yard manure (5 ton/ha)-0.2%SE Straw addition (3 ton/ha)-0.2%DK ManagementC increase per year Cover crops0.2%FR Straw addition (12 ton/ha)0.3%DK Farm yard manure (35 ton/ha)0.4%UK Sewage sludge0.9%SE Miscanthus grass (bioenergy)?

17. Soil a natural capital Promoting soil C means increasing soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services sustainable agriculture Processes are long term and farmers economy will be affected in the future long term investments Soil ecosystem services reduce risk production and market risks

18. What decisions can mitigate soil carbon losses? Are payments for soil carbon possible? How can we design long term policies? How to invest in soil —a natural capital?

19. SOIL SERVICE project