1. Lubrication and BearingsP H S A U T O M I V E
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2. What is Friction Friction - resistance to movement between two objectsP H S A U T O M I V E
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Friction - resistance to movement between two objects
The amount of friction depends on the following; 1. Material
2. Surface finish
3. Amount of pressure holding the two together How fast they move

3. What is Friction P H S A U T O M I V E
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friction generates heat Rub your hands together they get hot
dry friction - both parts clean and free of other materials
wet friction - parts have another material placed between them such as oil

4. What is a Bearing
A Bearing is a device used to support and guide a rotating, Oscillating, or sliding shaft or wheel.
A bearing is designed to;
1. Reduce friction
2. Support a load
3. Guide moving parts

5. Bearing construction P H S A U T O M I V E
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friction - sliding friction - two smooth surfaces sliding against each other
half speed bearing - turbos
anti friction - rolling friction - uses balls or rollers or small needles between the moving parts

6. Bearing construction P H S A U T O M I V E
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7. Bearing construction P H S A U T O M I V E
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Ball bearing

8. Bearing construction P H S A U T O M I V E
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Roller Bearing

9. Bearing construction P H S A U T O M I V E
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Tapered Roller Bearing

10. Bearing construction Types of Roller Bearings P H S A U T O M I V E
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Types of Roller Bearings

11. Bearing construction P H S A U T O M I V E
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needle

12. Bearing construction P H S A U T O M I V E
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Thrust Needle & Ball

13. Bearing Load
If the wrong type of bearing is used it may not be able to carry the load that is applied to it. The load is dependent on both weight and direction.
There are Three types of loads.

14. Bearing Load (Radial)
The load is at right angles to the shaft.

15. Bearing Load (Thrust)
The load is Parallel to the shaft

16. Bearing Load (Angular)
The load is a combination of Radial and Thrust.

17. Bearing Failure Premature bearing failures are caused by
1. Fatigue (overloaded, under lubed)
2. Poor lubrication (wrong type, under lubed)
3. Contamination (dirt and water)
4. Installation with the wrong tool (there is a correct tool for every job)

18. Full- Floating

19. Insert Bearings
removable bearing split in two pieces for easy installation and removal

20. Insert Bearings
steel back with soft lining, coating can be of babbitt, copper-lead-tin or aluminum coating
locating tabs help keeps insert bearing from turning

21. Insert Bearings
crush height the .001 to .002 protruding above rod cap and rod that when bolted together forms the tight fit that prevents the bearing from turning.

22. Insert Bearings
An undersize bearing is used on a crankshaft that has been machined to a smaller size.

23. BEARING PERFORMANCE
load strength- must withstand pounding from compression and firing stroke
anti scuffing - if oil pressure is lost lining must be soft enough to prevent crankshaft journal from being scratched or scuffed

24. BEARING PERFORMANCE
corrosion - must resist corrosion from vapors and acids in crankcase
conformation - must conform to shape of crankshaft journal

25. BEARING PERFORMANCE
embedability - must allow small particles to embed itself into bearing material so journal won't be scratched
temperature - must work equally well both hot and cold must transfer heat well
oil hole or groove for lubrication

26. BEARINGS rod bearings, bearings in the connecting rod
main bearings, bearings that go where the main bearing cap hold the crankshaft in place.

27. THRUST BEARINGS
thrust bearing, has sides on to help prevent end play of crankshaft, sometimes use a separate piece for the side.

28. THRUST BEARINGS

29. 4 Jobs of Oil Cleans - Cools - Seals - Lubricates - P H S A U T O M IV E
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Cleans - Cools - Seals - Lubricates -

30. Bearing Clearance P H S A U T O M I V E
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Oil is pumped to the bearing and separates the parts. It allows the parts to turn without touching each other. When parts touch they will be destroyed.
bearing clearance average about .002

31. Bearing Clearance

32. How to lubricate a engineP H S A U T O M I V E
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engines lubricated three ways for a 4-stroke engine
Full pressure
Splash
Combination - splash and pressure - most common in automotive applications

33. Full pressure P H S A U T O M I V E
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bearings are oiled by pumping oil to the bearings, sometimes the oil is dripped on or is squirted on to parts

34. Splash P H S A U T O M I V E
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use of dippers on connecting rods to splash oil around (one cylinder engines) or dripping oil on the engine parts

35. Combination both systems used - splash and pressure -V E
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both systems used - splash and pressure -
other methods two cycles mix gas and oil could be premix or a oil injection system

36. Oil galleries and linesP H S A U T O M I V E
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Oil gallery - oil supply line in engine
oil is carried through the engine by these lines
some rods are drilled full lengths some have squirt holes

37. Oil filters P H S A U T O M I V E
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38. Oil filters most common materials paper and cotton wasteH S A U T O M I V E
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most common materials paper and cotton waste
canister - old style
spin on

39. Filtering Systems two types of filtering systemsH S A U T O M I V E
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two types of filtering systems
full flow, all oil is filtered before going to bearings, filter has relief valve in case of plugged filter
bypass filter, part of oil is being filter at all times but not before it is going to the bearings

40. Oil pumps gear, rotary, vane and plunger most common automotive engineH S A U T O M I V E
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gear, rotary, vane and plunger
most common automotive engine
gear and rotary

41. Gear P H S A U T O M I V E
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two gears mesh together forcing oil out

42. Rotary inner rotor and outer rotor 4 points fit inside 5 points P H SM I V E
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inner rotor and outer rotor 4 points fit inside 5 points

43. Vane P H S A U T O M I V E
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used as pump in some automatic transmissions(this one, a vane pump out of a air wrench)

44. Plunger P H S A U T O M I V E
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used a lot in one cylinder engines

45. Pick up tube and screen P H S A U T O M I V E
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46. Pressure Relief Valve P H S A U T O M I V E
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when oil pump develops too much pressure the Pressure Relief valve will open and allows to return to sump by changing spring tension pressure can be raised or lowered

47. Oil sludge P H S A U T O M I V E
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Black thick Goo mixture of water oil dirt usually formed in engines never reaching operating temperature - thermostat taken out or to many short trips formation of a white sludge - caused by, cold weather, short trips, too much water

48. Varnish or lacquer P H S A U T O M I V E
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usually known as engine varnish is formed from an engine running at hot temperature for extended periods - the heat causes the oil to break down and a varnish is created on valve covers and other parts to avoid varnish deposits use good clean oil and change regularly
Light brown coating
is Varnish

49. Additives in oil detergent - prevent sludge and varnish depositsM I V E
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detergent - prevent sludge and varnish deposits
foam inhibitors - prevent oil from foaming oxidation inhibitors - prevent oil oxidation at high speed

50. Additives in oil corrosion rust inhibitors - helps prevent theseM I V E
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corrosion rust inhibitors - helps prevent these
anti wear additives - coat metal surfaces with a strong slippery film moly graphite

51. crankcase ventilationP H S A U T O M I V E
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draft tube
positive crankcase ventilation

52. open - draft tube P H S A U T O M I V E
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Older engines use a draft tube to vent the crankcase. It is just a vent with a filter in it. Uses a Breather cap to allow air in.

53. PCV - positive crankcaseH S A U T O M I V E
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open - breather cap
closed goes from air cleaner to valve cover

54. wet and dry sump systemsH S A U T O M I V E
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55. windage tray P H S A U T O M I V E
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Bolt to bottom of engine prevent oil from foaming due to crankshaft rotation.

56. Oil viscosity P H S A U T O M I V E
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thickness or fluidity of the oil, oil's ability to resist flow
classified as a number such as 10,20,30,40
multi grade or multi viscosity 5w-30, 10w-30

57. service ratings go through handoutP H S A U T O M I V E
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Go to this web site and read the classifications

58. how often should oil be changed,filter?P H S A U T O M I V E
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1, ,500 average
About every 3, ,000 miles recommended
depends on length of operation, temperature of air and car. Condition of all filters - air, oil gas -, PCV valve, driving conditions, paved roads, and dust or dirt in the air.

59. what kind of oil should I buy ???P H S A U T O M I V E
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60. What kind of filter should I buy ????P H S A U T O M I V E
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Some companies spent a lot of money on advertising and very little on filters, some just build good filters. You choose, cut some apart and look for yourself.

61. The End P H S A U T O M I V E
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